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Redox mediators (electronophores) and metabolic uncouplers (protonophores) play a major role in the sub‐atomic particle transportation in chemical and biological processes. Application areas include activated sludge treatment, excess biomass removal, bio‐filtration of gaseous pollutants, electricity generation by means of solar or microbial fuel cell (MFCs), biosensors, and dye degradation. Through a detailed review of peer‐reviewed and environmental literature, redox mediators and metabolic uncouplers, their mode of action as well as major factors influencing the redox mediators and metabolic uncouplers are discussed. This review article will help researchers to enhance their understanding of the application of redox mediators and metabolic uncouplers in environmental research.

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