Treatment outcome of XDR TB patients is extremely poor with high mortality rate.

ABSTRACT:Introduction : Urinary tract infection is a common contagion among men and women but incidence is quite high among women due to their anatomy. The incidence of the infection is higher among sexually active women and the possibilities of encountering the infection after a sexual intercourse is higher. Identified risk factors for such infections include sexual activity, spermicide-based contraception, delayed postcoital micturition, and a history of previous UTIs. OBJECTIVES : 1. To assess socio demographic factors among patients of urinary tract infection. 2. To assess risk factors contributing to urinary tract infection. Material and methods Total 91 female patients, who were diagnosed to have urinary tract infection were selected in our study. Data regarding socio-demographic and various risk factors was collected and frequency distribution tables were prepared. RESULTS : Majority females (68%) were between 18-45 years old. About 64% patients belonged to rural area, and 90% patients belong to lower, or lower middle class. About 68% patient's education was below high school and about 74% patients were married. Among risk factors for UTI, we found that sexual activity (in 83%) was most common risk factor for UTI. CONCLUSION: Patient who are exposed to risk factors, should be given special attention by the visiting clinicians, so that early diagnosis can be made and early treatment can be started. Early diagnosis and treatment leads to less complications, morbidities and mortality.

the medically treated had higher mean creatinine values (132mmol/L, p<0.01) and compared to the SAVR patients were older (89.0 years, p<0.01) with more previous cardiac surgery (13%, p<0.01). They also had less documented coronary disease (33%, p<0.01) (but did not undergo routine angiography).All TAVI patients had surgical access (86% trans-femoral, 8% trans-apical, 6% direct aortic), an Edwards (XT or Sapien 3) valve and general anaesthetic in 69% of cases. There were no intraoperative deaths but 3 conversions to sternotomy for bleeding. 68% of the surgical patients underwent isolated AVR and 32% AVR+CABG with 1 surgical intraoperative death.Medically managed patients had poor outcomes with a mortality of 49% at 1 year and 77% at 3 years. Survival of patients with either intervention was better, with no significant difference in 30-day mortality of SAVR and TAVI (5.3% vs 2.3%, p=049) or 3-year mortality (33% vs. 36%, p=0.66) respectively (figure 1). Compared with TAVI, SAVR patients spent significantly more days on ITU/HDU (8.31±12 vs. 0.96 ±1.7, p<0.01) and in hospital (21.69±24 vs. 11.89 ±9.9, p<0.01). SAVR patients had more pulmonary complications than TAVI (26% vs. 11%, p=0.02.) 17% of the SAVR and all the TAVI pulmonary complications were chest infections but SAVR patients also required 19 chest drains insertions and 6 reintubations. There were no significant differences in the other outcomes (table 2). Finally, whilst acute kidney injury (AKI) rates were statistically similar, all but 1% of the TAVR patients resolved spontaneously where as 13% of the SAVR patients required renal replacement therapy p<0.01. Conclusion The prognosis of patients >85 years of age with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis without intervention is poor. Aortic valve intervention in very elderly patients has acceptable mortality out to 3 years. In our early experience, using surgical access and high rates of general anaesthesia, TAVI in this group had similar mortality to SAVR but with significant reductions in both ITU and overall hospital stay.

INTRODUCTION:Having stones at any location in the urinary tract is referred to as urolithiasis. Calcium oxalate and/or phosphate stones account for almost 70% of all renal stones observed in economically developed countries. 2The average lifetime risk of stone formation has been reported in the range of 5-10%.Many literatures and studies mentioned that there is no exact cause of urinary calculi but there are a number of genetic body reaction to certain metabolic and chemical conditions and life style risks that contribute to renal calculi formation.5-7 The common risk factors are age, sex, climate, season, stress, fluid intake, occupation, affluence, diet, genetic and metabolic changes. OBJECTIVES : 1. To study the socio-demographic profile of patients with renal calculi 2. To study the risk factors among patients with renal calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Total 253 patients of urolithiasis were included in our study and data regarding various socio demographic and risk factors was collected. RESULTS: Out of total 253 studied patients who were diagnosed to have urolithiasis 147 (58.1%) were males and 104 (41.9%) were females. About 58% patients were between 25-55 years age. Among risk factors, most common risk factor for urolithiasis was non veg diet (in 86% patients), followed by coffee and tea consumption, (in 73%), stress full life (in 49%). CONCLUSION: Modifiable risk factors like non vegetarian diet, consumption of tea and coffee, high salt intake, less water intake, stress, less physical activities, alcohol intake, play important role in pathogenesis of urolithiasis. So knowledge of these risk factors, and avoidance of these factors specially in whom, those have family history of renal stone, or past history of any stone would be crucial for prevention to this disease.

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