Primary Retroperitoneal Hydatid Cyst is a rare presentation of a disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Any organ of the body could be affected by the disease, although there are only a limited number of cases where the primary lesion is in the retroperitoneum. A definitive diagnosis requires a combination of imaging, serologic and immunologic tests. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are highly accurate in detecting a hydatid cyst. Diagnosis of retroperitoneal hydatid cysts remain difficult as the clinical and laboratory findings are usually nonspecific. We report a case of a 47-year-old male who had an incidental finding of a retroperitoneal mass behind the left kidney. The CT scan of abdomen was suggestive of Retroperitoneal Hydatid Cyst. Patient underwent marsupialisation of cyst. Histopathological Report was suggestive of Hydatid Cyst.

Introduction: Matrix calculi are infrequently encountered in the urinary tract. Their biochemical composition and unusual radiological appearance make it difficult to differentiate them from fungal balls or tumours of the urinary tract. Aim: To study radiological, biochemical and microbiological characteristics of matrix calculi in the urinary tract and their management. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational cohort study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital, from July 2016 to August 2019. Analysis of the clinical, radiological and biochemical profiles of patients who were found to have matrix renal or ureteric calculi was done. These patients underwent Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy (URSL) and the stone material evacuated was sent for analysis. Data was analysed using Microsoft Excel, version 2016. Results: Matrix urinary stones were found in a total of 21 patients, out of which 15 were renal matrix calculi and six were ureteric matrix calculi. Mean age of the patient population was 44.5 years. Male to female ratio was 1.33:1. Total 7 (33.3%) patients were found to have Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). The mean radiodensity of all the stones was 403 Hounsfield Unit (HU). Six patients also had a concomitant crystalline calculus. Histopathological analysis of these matrix calculi revealed an amorphous lamellated appearance. The postoperative course of all the patients was uneventful. One patient presented with a non matrix stone in the opposite kidney after one year of follow-up. Conclusion: Matrix calculi of the urinary tract are usually radiolucent on plane radiographs and have a low radiodensity on Computerised Tomography (CT) scan. Biochemical analysis of these calculi shows protein to be the predominant component. These calculi are more often seen in patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or CKD and are frequently associated with a positive urine culture. They can be managed successfully with a combination of PCNL and URSL. Complete clearance is necessary to minimise recurrence.

Intussusception is a common finding in children accounting for approximately 25% of all abdominal emergencies in patients below five years of age. This, however, is a rare observation in adults accounting for only 5% of all intussusceptions. Among them, those leading to acute intestinal obstruction are about 1-5%. Diagnosis is based on radiographic findings seen on ultrasonography or CT scan as the presentation in adults is often difficult to diagnose clinically due to the variable presentation. We present here a case of intussusception in a 24 year old male presenting as acute intestinal obstruction. Exploratory laparotomy with resection of the bowel segment was done followed by end to end anastomosis. Post-operative course was uneventful.

<p><strong>Background:</strong> PCL ligament avulsion fracture injuries constitute about 3-20% of all the knee injuries. Isolated posterior cruciate ligament injuries are uncommon and often go undiagnosed in acutely injured knees. fracture. In the long run they cause severe functional disability of the knee joint. There is no consensus concerning the optimal surgical treatment approach for these injuries. Our study was to assess the functional and clinical outcome of isolated PCL avulsion fractures with open reduction and internal fixation.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This is a prospective study of 27 patients with isolated PCL avulsion fractures, done in the department of orthopaedics in RNT medical college over a 2-year period. All were treated with open reduction and internal fixation with 4 mm cannulated cancellous screw and washer. Postoperatively, patient leg was immobilized in posterior POP slab for 2 weeks, allowing toe touch weight bearing. All patients were regularly followed-up. 3 cases of post operative wound infection were detected.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Of the 27 patients, there were 19 males and 8 females. All the cases showed good fracture union in an average of 12 weeks post operatively. In the first 6 weeks, all of them acquired an average knee flexion of 90 degrees and by 3 months, all of them had 125 degrees of free flexion possible.2 cases showed negative posterior draw sign. The knee scoring system assessment showed 21 cases of excellent result, 4 cases of good result and 2 cases of fair result.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Though rare, PCL avulsion fractured are to be managed properly and treated surgically. PCL tibial avulsion fractures treated through Burk and Schaffer approach with open reduction and internal fixation produces good results.</p>