Introduction One of the essential factors for successful root canal therapy is elimination of bacterial contaminants using an effective root canal chemical irrigant such as sodium hypochlorite which inherently possesses certain disadvantages like irritation to periapical tissues, staining of the instruments, burning of surrounding tissues etc. The aim of the study was to explore newer irrigant agents which would probably be as effective or more and at the same time less irritating to the tissues than sodium hypochlorite. Our search included two such agents, propolis and miswak.Methods The study was performed on 40 infected primary teeth (20 male and 20 female patients). The subjects were divided into 4 groups of 10 children. Group 1 received 3% sodium hypochlorite as irrigating solution, group 2 received 12.5% alcoholic extract of miswak, group 3 received 11% alcoholic extract of propolis and group 4, 0.9% saline. We used the antimicrobial activity of sodium hypochlorite as gold standard for comparing the activities of both propolis and miswak. We collected pre-and postirrigation samples using sterile paper points. Samples were cultured on tryptose soya agar at a temperature of 37 o C for 24-48 hours. The colonies were counted with a digital colony counter. For the statistical analysis, we used the unpaired t test at level of significance 0.05 and the ANOVA test for analysis of variance.Results The differences in pre-and post-irrigation values were calculated for each group, the greatest difference being seen in group 1 (95.549%) followed by group 2 (89.794%), group 3 (34.735%) and group 4 (28.087%). When comparing the results between groups, there was no statistically significant difference between groups 3 and 4.Conclusions The statistically analyzed results suggested that miswak could be a good natural substitute to sodium hypochlorite, while propolis showed results comparable to those of the negative control.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most common and effective intracanal medicament used in root canal treatments, because of its low-cost and a very effective antimicrobial activity against microbiota of infected root canals. Sodium hypochlorite is an effective intracanal irrigant and is used in concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5.25%. At these concentrations, it is highly hypertonic and strongly alkaline with pH 11 to 13. Despite its safe properties, serious complications can result from inadvertent use due to its cytotoxic features. Most of the complications are the result of accidental extrusion of the solution from the apical foramen or accessory canals or perforations into the periapical area. Although it is an effective solution for disinfection of root canal system, fewer incidence of complications are reported, especially in primary teeth. Present article highlights one of such cases of NaOCl accident and its successful management in a 4-year-old child.How to cite this article: Chaugule VB, Panse AM, Gawali PN. Adverse Reaction of Sodium Hypochlorite during Endo-dontic Treatment of Primary Teeth. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2015;8(2):153-156.

The objective of this study was to assess the oral hygiene practices, dietary pattern, dental caries status and needs of institutionalized autistic children. The sample consisted of 35 children (28 males and 7 females) in the age group of 5 to 10 years from two institutions in Maharashtra, India. The parents of the children were interviewed regarding oral hygiene practices of their respective ward and instructed to maintain a 4-day diet chart for their children. A clinical examination was conducted using WHO dentition status and treatment needs index and a simplified oral hygiene index for ages 4 to 6 years and 7 to 10 years (deciduous and mixed dentition) was used to assess the oral hygiene. The results of diet chart analysis according to Nizel AE and Papas AS score showed the ‘at meal’ sugar exposure close to nil, while the ‘in between’ meal sugar exposure was observed to be more than three times per day among maximum children. The oral hygiene status was poor with abundance of soft debris and fair calculus accumulation. The mean caries experience (deft) in these children was 6.4. The present study provided baseline data which has been used for planning a comprehensive oral health care program.How to cite this article: Chadha GM, Kakodkar P, Chaugule V, Nimbalkar V. Dental Survey of Institutionalized Children with Autistic Disorder. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012;5(1):29-32.

Background and Objective:Restoration of carious lesions with a strong permanent bond would be a highly desirable requisite. Ultra morphological characterization shows that observing and understanding the interfacial phenomenon and its quality would be of great importance in the selection of a dental adhesive for its use in pediatric restorative dentistry.Study design:Human primary molars, indicated for extraction, for reasons like caries, normal exfoliation, pathological root resorption, over-retained and serial extraction, were collected. Teeth were then equally distributed into 2 subgroups each namely B1 - Prime and Bond NT & B2 - Xeno III.Results:The resin tags seen in the samples of group B2 were both qualitatively and quantitatively advanced as compared to group B1. This reveals that the quality of the penetration of the resin was better in group B2.Conclusion:Reduction in the technique sensitivity of any bonding system would always be a preferred factor in pediatric restorative dentistry. Thus the inclination towards the selection of adhesive system may lean towards the self-etching bonding system at this juncture.