Atherosclerosis and restenosis of epicardial vessels are among the greatest challenges facing the clinical cardiologist, and phenotypic modulation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells are major components of the vasculoproliferative response. Proliferation is regulated by the interplay of regulatory proteins at checkpoints in the cell cycle that alter cellular growth. Activation of the cell cycle and the genetic control of its progression are final common pathways in this process. Investigators have postulated that cell-cycle inhibition using drugs and genetic or physical methods has the potential to reverse or prevent the vasculoproliferative process. The current challenge is to translate in vitro data demonstrating the efficacy of cell-cycle inhibition to clinical trials. At present, the steps that must be taken to meet this goal are (1) to design methods of delivery of these agents to specific sites, (2) to identify appropriate cellular targets to elicit cell-cycle arrest, and (3) to improve the therapeutic ratio by minimizing potential side effects. This review discusses current concepts of the cell cycle, target-regulating mechanisms, and possible interventions in vasculoproliferative diseases. We also discuss ongoing clinical trials that use antiproliferative agents in the hope of limiting the course of these diseases, as well as the promise that antiproliferative therapy holds in the coming decade.

dence for association of coronary sinus levels of hepatocyte growth factor and collateralization in human coronary disease.

Introduction: Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, accounting for 3% of all malignancies and 85% of all malignant kidney tumors. The histological classification is of utmost importance, considering the significant prognostic and therapeutic implications of these histological subtypes. Here we report rare variant of RCC which include Oncocytic variant of papillary renal cell carcinoma (OPRCC). Case report: A middle age male presented with pain in left flank and decreased urine output. CECT Abdomen revealed a well defined solid cystic mass lesion arising from inferior polar cortex of the left kidney measuring 10.9 x 9.4 x 9.8 cm. Left radical nephrectomy was performed and the specimen was sent for histopathological examination and show features of oncocytic variant of papillary renal cell carcinoma. Conclusion:The importance of this case report is to identify the rare variants of the histological subtypes of RCC as it confers high propensity of metastasis and hence less chance of survival. OPRCC is regarded as an independent subtype of PRCC not only for its distinct pathological features but also for its indolent clinical behaviour and the tumor presents with same immunophenotypic as of type 2 but same genetic features and prognosis as of type 1 PRCC.