<p class="abstract">Tuberculous otitis media (TOM) is a rare form of tuberculosis, due to tubercular otitis media, thick caseous material and granulation tissue gets deposited in middle ear cleft causing bone erosion, sequestration, ossicular destruction, heading loss which can be conductive or mixed and rarely facial paralysis. In this case report we discuss tubercular otitis media as a cause of recurrent facial nerve paralysis. 54 year old male patient with no known previous comorbidities presented to ENT OPD on 12 October 19 with complaints of scanty, mucopurulent foul smelling occasionally blood stained continuous otorrhoea (R)×02 years, painless progressive and persistent hearing loss ×1 year and recurrent (R) sided facial nerve palsy, 03 episodes in last 2 years which were spontaneous and sudden in onset, showed gradual recovery with oral medication. Tubercular otitis media is not a very common diagnosis with which an otolaryngologist comes across. It generally presents with otorrhea and hearing loss which mimics more commoner ear disease. Typical findings of multiple tympanic membrane perforations are not necessarily seen. There can be involvement of facial nerve and presence of refractory otorrhoea with atypical features may be considered indicative of tubercular pathology. A clinician should have high index of suspicion whenever there are signs which outlies symptoms in form of severity. This case highlights the diagnostic challenge and high index of clinical suspicion required for diagnosis. Combination of appropriate diagnostic modality along with good clinical vigilance will aid in early diagnosis and start of early medication which reduces chances of any subsequent complications.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Cricoid cartilage is the only complete ring that surrounds the airway completely. Although it is smaller than thyroid cartilage and does not house any important structures like the thyroid cartilage (vocal folds), it forms an important cog in the upper airway. Renewed interest in subglottic stenosis recently has underscored the importance of detailed knowledge of cricoid cartilage. This study aims to augment the meagre information available on this important part of upper airway. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Study design was on morphometric analysis and the setting was at tertiary health care centre. <span lang="EN-IN">Thirty one adult human cadaveric larynges were obtained for this study. Using an electronic vernier caliper, different morphometric parameters of all the cricoid cartilages were noted down in a predesigned proforma in standard computer office software. The data thus obtained was collated and compared with existing literature.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The average inner transverse diameter (F: 15.05±1.02 mm; M: 17.52±2.64 mm) is greater than the average inner antero-posterior diameter (F: 12.71±0.45 mm; M: 14.11±2.55 mm). The average height of cricoid arch was F: 6.50±0.68 mm; M: 7.69±0.63 mm and the average height of cricoid lamina was F: 18.38±0.61 mm; M: 21.17±2.31 mm. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Inter specimen<strong> </strong>disparity was noted in the various dimensions measured in the cricoid cartilages. The average transverse diameter was greater than the average antero-posterior diameter giving the cartilage an ovoid shape in nearly all specimens. Morphometrical data of the cricoid cartilage may be very useful in endotracheal intubation, laryngeal microsurgery and laryngeal framework surgery. These parameters can be helpful in evaluation of subglottic stenosis and its surgical repair.</span></p><p> </p>

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Surgical cricothyroidotomy is used to rapidly gain entry into the subglottic airway by creating an opening in cricothyroid membrane. The size and position of cricothyroid membrane is variable depending on racial characteristics of the individual. Statistics regarding dimensions of cricothyroid membrane has been documented extensively in Caucasian race. This study aims to augment the meagre information available on the Indian population on this important part of upper airway.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Morphometric cadaveric analysis done in tertiary health care centre. 39 adult human cadaveric larynges were obtained for this study. Using electronic Vernier caliper, different dimensions of cricothyroid membrane and depth of subglottis were noted down in predesigned proforma in standard office software. Data obtained was collated and compared with existing literature.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The average dimensions of cricothyroid space and cricothyroid membrane were uniformly larger in males compared to females. Mean middle width F: 10.92±1.57 mm, M: 13.84±2.54 mm; mean height F: 7.26±1.82 mm, M: 9.61±1.86 mm; mean thickness F: 2.89±0.22 mm, M: 4.53±0.92 mm and mean subglottic depth F: 17.24±2.09 mm, M: 21.94±2.93 mm.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Inter specimen disparity was noted. As cricothyroid membrane is smaller in Indian population compared to Caucasian population, ET tubes size 3.0 to 5.0 in females and 4.0 to 6.0 in males are suggested for use for cricothyroidotomy. Oversized tubes are known to cause dysphonia, laryngeal damage and subglottic stenosis.</p>

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">There is a high prevalence of snoring in paediatric age group. There are various reasons for snoring in children, the most common being adenotonsillar hypertrophy. In our study we intended to establish a relationship between craniomorphological features and snoring</span><span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The sudy objective was </span><span lang="EN-IN">to determine the differences in craniofacial cephalometric variables between snoring and non-snoring children. 50 snoring and 50 non-snoring children between the ages of 6 and 12 years were selected. Non-snoring subjects were matched to snoring subjects by age, sex, and ethnicity. Children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy were excluded. Snoring was assessed using a sleep behavior questionnaire administered to parents or guardians. The cephalometric radiographs of the study subjects were traced by a single investigator, 9 measurements of hard and soft tissues were recorded. The paired Student’s t test was used to analyze the cephalometric data.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Snoring children manifest a significantly narrower anterior-posterior dimension of the pharynx at the superior and most narrow widths. Snoring children also had a greater length from the hyoid to the mandibular plane. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Snoring children appear to present craniofacial factors that differ from those of non-snoring children.</span></p>

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