BackgroundThe primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of a training intervention in overall improvement in students' (santris) knowledge, behavior, and outcome. MethodsA mixed-methods exploratory sequential design was applied. First, qualitative data were collected from three focus group discussions with 20 supervisors and one in-depth interview with school principal to explore current hygiene practices. The information was then used to develop training intervention using either video, poster, and leaflet. To measure the effect, a stepped wedge cluster design with pre-and post-test analyses was conducted. A total of 452 junior high school santris in one Islamic boarding school were non-randomly allocated to either three intervention groups. Outcome measures were knowledge, personal behavior, and room hygiene. Codes and categories were produced in the qualitative analysis, while paired t-tests and Wilcoxon rank tests test were used in the quantitative analysis. ResultsThe qualitative study identified poor practices on personal and room hygiene among the santris and proposed a training intervention. Overall, there was a significant increase in knowledge and personal behavior after the intervention (7.22 ± 1.34 pre-intervention to 7.70 ± 0.74 post-intervention and 9.75 ± 2.98 pre-intervention to 12.16 ± 2.12 post-intervention, respectively, p < 0.001). Room hygiene was significantly improved among boys and those who received leaflets.

Background: The number of elderly and the burden of non-communicable diseases increase with time. Community involvement is expected to be an important prevention agent for their neighbors. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of health services delivered by community health workers (CHWs) which focus on physiological indices related to non-communicable diseases among elderly people and to explain the health services or interventions carried out by CHWs.   Methods: This systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, ProQuest Science Database, Scopus, EBSCOhost CINAHL, and Web of Science were taken as the source of databases. Manual search was also conducted for articles published before March 2019 without time restriction. The quality of each study was assessed using Critical Checklist by Joanna Briggs Institute. Results: Of the 3,275 initial studies retrieved, 4 studies were included in qualitative synthesis analysis. Three studies arranged a face-to-face interview, while the other study was conducted over the phone. All the 4 studies were intervention studies. Three of them showed a significant improvement in mean systolic blood pressure for the intervention group compared to the control group. The other study showed a significant improvement in weight loss for the intervention group. Conclusion: Health services delivered by CHWs was beneficial to elderly people in rural areas on some physiological indices. It suggested that health services delivered CHWs could contribute toward secondary prevention programs.

Stroke is the world's second largest cause of mortality and the leading cause of disability. The report of incidence and prevalence of stroke by cause in Indonesia based on national population was limited. The objective of this study was to explore the incidence and prevalence of stroke and cause of stroke by province, sex, and age categories in Indonesia. The causes of stroke in Indonesia, including each province, were collected from the Global Burden of Disease study (GBD) 2019. The age-standardized incidence rates and age-standardized prevalence rates per 100,000 individuals with 95% Uncertainty Intervals (UIs) were used to estimate the incidence and prevalence characteristics. The cause of stroke was classified into three types: intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In 2019, the national incidence and prevalence of stroke in Indonesia were 293.33 (262.2 -331.6 95% UIs) and 2,097.22 (1878.2 -2351.8 95% UIs) per 100,000 individuals, respectively. East Kalimantan province holds the highest rank in the incidence rate of stroke and ischemic stroke as well as the prevalence rate for almost all types of stroke, except for subarachnoid hemorrhage, which Yogyakarta holds. Meanwhile, the highest incidence rates for intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage were in the provinces of South Kalimantan and North Maluku, respectively. Females and over 70 years of age had a higher incidence and prevalence of stroke than other groups.

Based on the results of the RISKESDAS 2018, the prevalence of hypertension in people aged > 18 years has increased from 25.8% (2013) to 34.1% (2018). Several factors, especially modifiable factors, need to be further identified to prevent an increase in blood pressure in young adults. The objective of this study was to identify related factors of elevated blood pressure (BP) among young adults in Indonesia. This is a cross-sectional study using the national population survey, Indonesia Family Live Survey (IFLS) 2014-15 wave 5. Only those who were 26 to 35 years old were included in the analyses. Elevated BP was defined as mean systole ≥ 120mmHg and diastole ≥ 80mmHg based on three times measurements. Odds Ratio (OR) with the Confidence Interval of 95% (95% CI) was calculated to determine factors associated with elevated BP in young adults. Among 7,250 young adult participants, 3,732 (51,5%) participants had elevated BP. Men were 2.64 times more likely to have elevated BP than women (95% CI 2.39-2.92). Education background ≤ 12 years (OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.20-1.52), abnormal BMI (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.32-1.60), smoking habit (OR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.88-2.31), strenuous physical activity (OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.26-1.58) and soda consumption (OR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.06-1.35) were also identified as predictors of elevated BP. In conclusion, elevated BP in young adults was associated with gender, education, BMI, smoking habit, strenuous physical activity, and soda consumption.