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The influence of internal and external parasites on the health of Polish konik horses housed in different types of management strategies in Poland is discussed. This study includes consolidated data of different authors from the past 50 years, supplemented by results of more recent research. A total of 38 species of helminths (i.e., 37 Nematoda and one Cestoda) and five Diptera species were recorded from the horses. Protozoan parasites, Cryptosporidium spp. and Theileria equi, and the Rickettsiales, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, were observed for the first time in Poland.

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Here we report about the presence of fossils belonging to different beaver lineages from the late Miocene (MN 9, Vallesian) of Grytsiv (western Ukraine). Among them, nine isolated molars were assigned to Chalicomys jaegeri and described in detail here for the first time. Morphologically and metrically these specimens fit well into the range known for this species from other localities. The teeth are of different wear stages, mainly moderately or strongly worn. Two other teeth (a germ and one with a little wear), are tentatively identified as belonging to a smaller-sized beaver resembling Euroxenomys minutus. This is based mainly on their smaller size as measured at the occlusal surface. Taxonomic status and palaeoecology of Chalicomys jaegeri and other species of this genus are discussed in the paper.

This review searches for and analyzes existing knowledge on horse tooth anatomy in terms of evolutionary and morphological changes, feeding habits, breeding practices, and welfare. More than 150 articles from relevant databases were analyzed, taking into account the issues of our experimental research on the ultrastructure of Equidae tooth enamel. After our analysis, the knowledge on this subject accumulated up in the past, almost 50 years has been logically arranged into three basic directions: evolutionary-palaeontological, morpho-functional, and dentistic, which is also demonstrated by the latest trends in the study of enamel morphology and in the practice of equine dentistry. The obtained data show that in recent years we have observed a rapid increase in publications and a thematic expansion of the scope of research. It is caused by the need to deepen knowledge in theory and in the practice of feeding species in nature and in captivity as well as the possibility of using new technical resources to improve the excellence of such research. It is a summary of the knowledge of a certain stage of equine tooth enamel studies for this period of time, which serves as the basis for our experimental research (the materials are prepared for publication) and at the same time, defines research perspectives for the next stage of development.