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Climate change, the 'boom and bust' cycles of rivers, and altered water resource management practice have caused significant changes in the spatial distribution of the risk of flooding. Hedonic pricing studies, predominantly for the US, have assessed the spatial incidence of risk and the associated implicit price of flooding risk. Using these implicit price estimates and their associated standard errors, we perform a meta-analysis and find that houses located in the 100-year floodplain have a-0.3 to-0.8% lower price. The actual occurrence of a flooding event or increased stringency in disclosure rules causes ex ante prices to differ from ex post prices, but these effects are small. The marginal willingness to pay for reduced risk exposure has increased over time, and it is slightly lower for areas with a higher per capita income. We show that obfuscating amenity effects and risk exposure associated with proximity to water causes systematic bias in the implicit price of flooding risk.

The central question addressed in this article is whether floods have an impact on residential property values. In the Netherlands floods of the Meuse river in 1993 and 1995 had negative effects on prices of the houses that were affected; specifically a decrease of about 9 per cent. An analysis of sales in municipalities along the river during the decade after this period reveals that this price decrease has been permanent. We also find countervailing effects related to water: a location close to the water has an upward effect on property values of up to 3 per cent.

Purpose: This study aims to determine the siege and related factors of nurses working in psychiatric clinics. Method: This study was conducted as a related description design. The sample of the study consisted of 204 nurses working in psychiatric clinics. The data was collected using questionnaires generated by researchers from literature and workplace psychological abuse scales. Descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and chi-square independence test are used to determine whether there is a significant relationship between variables. Results: The conditions for more frequent siege behaviors are that nurses have graduate education, work at night, are dissatisfied with work methods and institutions, have been besieged before, and have an understanding of the number of legal persons and consulting services related to Go. Conclusion: The nursing service management department of the hospital should effectively organize the types of employment and develop strategies that can improve nurse satisfaction. It is believed that raising nurses’ awareness of siege will effectively reduce psychological violence in high-risk wards.

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