ABSTRACT:A fowl adenovirus was isolated from wild Black Kites (Milvus migrans) that died around Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India. This virus isolate produced cytopathic effects in chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells and reacted with fowl adenovirus 4 (FadV-4) antiserum in agar gel immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence tests. The virus isolate was neutralized by FadV-4 antiserum with a neutralization titer of 800. Electron microscopy of infected CEL cells showed the presence of hexagonal virion particles measuring in size about 80-100 nm. An amplicon of 1,223 base pairs was detected using polymerase chain reaction with primers designed to target the hexon gene of FadV-4.

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An attempt was made to study in vitro production of antifungal substances by various strains of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas corrugata. These strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of established tea Camellia sinensis L. located in North West Indian Himalayan regions viz Himachal Himalayas and Garhwal Himalayas. Selected strains were checked for their biocontrol potential against two phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium udum and Alternaria solani and the antagonists were found to cause inhibition in radial growth of the fungi. This diffusible effect was attributed to the production of diffusible and volatile compounds which were found to be potent antifungal in nature. The antifungal substances in bacterial strains were found to be extracellular, proteinacious in nature. The colony forming units (cfu) of pathogenic fungi were reduced by the diffusible and volatile compounds produced by antagonists. The inhibition in cfu was more by volatile compounds than by diffusible compounds. The volatile compounds included aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, sulphides and HCN.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Urbanization is occurring at a fast rate in India. Population residing in urban areas was 11.4% according to the Census of 1901. This percentage has gradually increased to 31.16% according to the Census of 2011. Conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural uses is the major side effect of urbanization. The objective of this paper is to identify the changes in the agriculture land and its conversion into other Land Use Land Cover (LULC) type. In order to achieve this objective, mapping of land use changes is done by using the GIS and remote sensing. This study utilizes satellite images along with field survey and statistical data to detect the change of farming land into other LULC type in different tehsils of Allahabad district. This study is carried out over the time period of 18 years that ranges from 2000 to 2018. This work provides the detail of expansion and shrinkage of agriculture and open land at tehsil level. Landsat data is used in this work which is open source and freely downloadable. Landsat images of study period i.e. from 2000 to 2018 are downloaded and then preprocessed. Supervised classification of images is performed using Gaussian maximum likelihood technique. The training samples are collected with the help of ground truth information. After this, identification of land use changes is done on pixel by pixel basis. This would find out the LULC class which is primary responsible for the shrinkage of agriculture land. This spatio-temporal and statistical research work will help to construct a base for a sustainable development model.</p>

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