Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the plausible efficacy of ethanolic extract of Rauwolfia serpentina to mitigate copper induced toxicity by investigating cytogenetic biomarkers, i.e., chromosome aberrations (CA) and micronucleus (MN) formation; assessment of biochemical changes in liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP) and estimation of protein levels in a freshwater spotted snakehead fish(Channa punctatus). Methodology: The experiment was carried out in six groups, each having 15 specimens for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr. Group I served as control. Groups II and III were maintained with 3 mg l-1 of Rauwolfia root extract and 0.4 mg l-1 of Cu2+, respectively. Groups IV, V, and VI were simultaneously co-exposed with 0.4 mg l-1 of Cu2+ and three different concentrations of Rauwolfia root extract 1, 2 and 3 mg l-1, respectively. For the genotoxicity assessment, blood and kidney tissues were used. Hepatic impairments were assessed after each exposure period. Results: A significant increase (p<0.05) in chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei frequency, activity of liver enzymes (SGOT, SGPT and ALP) and a decrease in protein level were recorded in Group III in comparison to the control. Groups co-exposed with Cu2+and Rauwolfia serpentine showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in cytogenetic biomarkers, activity of liver enzymes and an increase in protein levels, as compared to Group III, with respect to control in a dose dependent manner. Interpretation: Thus, result of the present investigation establish the efficacy of R. serpentina root extract against Cu2+ induced toxicity in spotted snakehead (Channa punctatus).

The present study include the synthesis of potassium propan-1,3-diol di xanthate (PPDDX) along with the preparation of Mn (II), Fe (II and III), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) chelates of PPDDX. The 1:1 stoichiometry of these chelates is decided with the help of electrometric and chemical analysis. All the complexes are found paramagnetic in nature. The stereo-chemistry and the nature of hybridisation of these chelates are also decided in the present study. All these complexes are found to have high spin octahedral geometry except Cu-complex which is square planar in nature. Excluding Cu-complex all others are found to be sp 3 d 2 in nature but Cu-complex has dsp 2 hybridisation. Metal-sulphur bonding in these complexes is established with the help of infrared spectroscopy.

In the present study the polarographic behaviour of potassium propan-1,3-diol dixanthate (PPDDX) is studied in detail at dropping mercury electrode. It also include the effect of temperature, pH, Hg-column height along with the concentration of supporting electrolyte on the wave characteristics of this xanthate. It was found that the concentration of supporting electrolyte do not affect the value of half wave potential (E 1/2). The value of diffusion current (i d) was found directly proportional to the concentration of PPDDX. The constancy of i d /h eff indicate that the reaction was diffusion controlled. Well defined anodic waves were found at different mercury column heights. I d values were not affected by pH-values. The linearity of-E d.e. vs log(i d-i/i) with mean slope ratio of 0.015 clearly indicate the transfer of four electrons along with a reversible reaction involved during this process. The linearity of i d with PPDDX concentration may provide an easy pathway for the estimation of xanthates.

Environmental Protection includes programs that are aimed to reducing risks to the environment from hazardous materials and chemical wastes. Nowadays, 17α-ethinylestradiol, a synthetic estrogen, has become one of the most commonly used active ingredients for oral contraception, interfere with the normal functioning of endocrine systems, thus affecting reproduction and development in wildlife. The fresh water food fish, Channa punctatus, was selected as the test animal to perform the desired experimental work. The physio-chemical parameters (Temperature, pH, DO, CO2, and Hardness) of test medium, hematological (WBC, RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, and Platelet) and biochemical (Total protein, AST, ALT, ALP, Urea and Creatinine) parameters of the fish were analysed. Channa punctatus was exposed to three different concentrations of 17α-ethinylestradiol (5, 10 and 20 ng/L), along with a control group for 28 days and their samples were collected at an interval of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Result shows that hematological parameters-RBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH and Platelet were found significantly decreased and WBC significantly increased and the biochemical parameters-AST, ALT, ALP and Urea were found significantly increased while, Total protein and Creatinine showed insignificant differences on exposure to 17α-ethinylestradiol. Therefore, the study stated that 17α-ethinylestradiol produce an adverse effect in hematological and biochemical parameter which might affect normal physiology and immunity of fish.