In this work, we proposed a novel way to estimate phase-lag synchronization in coupled systems. This approach was applied into two systems: a directed-coupled Rössler-Lorenz system and a network of Izhikevich neurons. For the former case, the phase-lag synchronization revealed an increase in complexity for the Lorenz subsystem components, when the coupling is activated. The opposite behavior was observed when the Izhikevich network were organized in a hierarchical way. Our results point out to emergent synchronism related to causal interactions in coupled complex systems.

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Thermo-resistive sensors are widely used in metrology and instrumentation systems. In the case of radiometers used in measurement of solar radiation, the classical architecture uses the principle of electrical equivalence in which the electrical sensor is kept at a constant temperature. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of environmental temperature variation according to the dynamic output voltage of this type of radiometer. In addition, it was evaluated the output dynamic voltage for a constant temperature difference between the sensor and the environment. The sensors used were NTC and PTC, with analog voltage and pulse width outputs.