Objective: to identify the characteristic echographic features of benign ovarian tumors using the recommendations of the IOTA group.Materials and methods. Five articles published in the journal Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology for 2008–2019 were analyzed. Each article is devoted to a histologically verified pathology of the ovaries, representing four morphological variants of an ovarian tumor (strum, fibroma/fibrothecoma, uroepithelial tumor (Brenner's tumor) and cystadenofibroma, as well as endometrioma in pregnancy. The total number was 380 women. When describing pathological formations, the researchers used a single protocol recommended by the IOTA group. Evaluated twentyone parameters, including the morphology of the formation, the structure of fluid inclusions and the solid component, the presence of fluid in the retrouterine space and ascites, as well as the degree of tumor vascularization.Results. The analysis of the struma, fibroma (fibrothecoma), Brenner tumor, cystadenofibroma and endometrioma of pregnant women indicates that there are no reliable criteria for diagnosing the histological structure of the tumor, both by the age of the patients, the size of the formation, and by ultrasound signs. Hyperechoic inclusions, which are noted only in Brenner tumors, both benign and malignant, can serve as the only marker among the pathology under consideration. In the study of the listed benign neoplasms of the ovaries, no features of the blood supply were revealed. All neoplasms had vascularization from the complete absence of vessels (1 point) to their moderate number (3 points). Hypervascularization (4 points) occurred in struma, fibroma (fibrotecoma), and cystadenofibroma.Conclusions. The task of ultrasound examination is the timely detection of an ovarian tumor with a presumptive conclusion of the probability of malignancy, based on standardized protocols of the IOTA group, which is important for the correct routing of the patient.

In modern mechanical engineering protective coatings are applied to improve the performance of the parts. The practical significance of the coatings is very high. External coating application can not only solve the problems for changing the physicochemical properties of the original surface, but also restore them after operation. Machining of such coatings on blade metalworking machines is often obstructing, and in combination with the small size of the reconstructed section of the part is impossible. Technologies of wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) are applicable when machining parts of complex profile. This technology allows getting work pieces and parts of any type, regardless of their characteristics of resistance, without the use of additional tackle. Currently, the scientific basis of EDM process of reconstructed surface, the issues of accuracy and quality of treated surface of deposited machine parts are not fully explored. It is determined that the main factors affecting the formation of indicators of quality of machining of welded surface are the pulses characteristics (t on , t off) and physicomechanical properties of the treated material. The developed model calculates the surface roughness in the process of EDM of wear resistant coatings produced by the beam deposition method depending on the cutting modes (t on , t off) and physicomechanical properties of the material. Experimentally determined that in the wire electrical discharge machining process of U10 steel and welded material of 4H5MF1S steel with increasing electric power on the treated surface increases the thickness of the surface layer, wherein the microhardness of the layer is not changed. It is shown that in wire electrical discharge machining processing of steel U10 and welded material of 4H5MF1S steel shaped and modified surface layer does not affect the performance of produced parts.

Purpose: analysis of echographic signs of benign and malignant formations of the uterine appendages using the recommendations of the IOTA group.Materials and methods. 17 articles published in the journal Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology for 2007–2020 were analyzed. Each article is devoted to the histologically verified pathology of the uterine appendages, of which 431 are benign and 1205 are malignant neoplasms. When describing pathological formations, the re-searchers used a single protocol recommended by the IOTA group. 21 parameters were assessed, including the morphology of the formation, the structure of fluid inclusions and solid component, the presence of fluid in the posterior uterine pocket and ascites, as well as the degree of tumor vascularization.Results. Аll ultrasound signs of tumors were found in both groups, but the frequency of their occurrence was different. Thus, unilocular neoplasms were more often detected in benign tumors than in malignant ones (p = 0.05). Also, acoustic shadows were found significantly more frequently in benign tumors (p < 0.05). When assessing tumor morphology, attention should be paid to tendencies that are more characteristic of malignant tumors, which include a solid structure (p = 0.13) and the occurrence of ascites (p = 0.13), while a multilocular structure without a solid component was more common in benign (p = 0.10). The size of the neoplasm, uneven contour, papillary growths, hyperechoic inclusions and the nature of the internal contents of the cystic cavities are found with approximately the same frequency in both groups. When as-sessing the blood supply to a pathological formation, hypervascularization confidently indicated a malignant tumor (p < 0.05), while avascularization in such neoplasms was rare, however, the differences with benign ones were insignificant (p = 0.06).Conclusions. There are no reliable echographic signs of the nature of the neo-plasm. The set of criteria will improve the quality of preoperative ultrasound diagnostics of ovarian tumors.

The article poses a question whether it is appropriate to use the notion “animal style” to refer to the decorative and applied art of the forest Ural and Kama population in the early Iron Epoch representing the Ananyino, Kara-Abyz, Pyanobor and Glyadenovo cultures. Using the method of comparative and statistical analysis, the author shows that the artefacts of the above archeological cultures with the depictions of animals differ, first of all, by their functions : the Ananyino culture is characterized by applique plaques decorating a suit, the Kara-Abyz culture – by plaques for decorating belts, the Glyadenovo culture -by sacrificial objects, while the in the Pyanobor culture, there are no such artefacts at all. Second, the repertoire of the “animal style” images of this population also differs : a bear in the Ananyino culture, a goat/horse – in the Kara-Abyz culture, and a wolf/dog – in the Glyadenovo culture. The author concludes that the “animal style” samples in the decorative art of the forest Ural and Kama population have rather sacral (amulets, talismans, apotropaions, charms etc.) than aesthetic meaning unlike the animal style in the art of early Eurasian nomads (Scytho-Siberian).

The article is devoted to the problems that the crew of a spacecraft may face during long flights in open space during interplanetary travel. The most probable diseases that can develop in crew members under conditions of medical selection of candidates on earth are shown. The issues of instrumental diagnostics of acute diseases and injuries of the thoracic and abdominal cavities are considered. The main attention in the article is paid to the issues of the operational manual in the conditions of microgravity of the spacecraft. Possible surgical accesses for the treatment of acute surgical diseases and possible injuries of crew members are being considered. It also describes possible problems on the part of both the surgical technique itself with virtually no gravity, and the reason not allowing the use of robotic remote surgical techniques.