Институт экономических проблем им. Г. П. Лузина-обособленное подразделение ФГБУН ФИЦ «Кольский научный центр Российской академии наук», г. Апатиты; 2 Институт проблем промышленной экологии Севераобособленное подразделение ФГБУН ФИЦ «Кольский научный центр Российской а кадемии наук», г. Апатиты Настоящая статья является обзором зарубежных и отечественных теоретических и прикладных исследований в области определения ущерба здоровью населения от негативных экологических воздействий. Объектом исследования является методология монетизации ущерба, включающая два главных методологических подхода: расчет стоимости болезни и оценку готовности платить за минимизацию риска негативных последствий. На основе анализа совокупности источников показаны теоретические основания обоих подходов и логика их работы. Представлен эмпирический пример расчета статистической стоимости жизни путем агрегации частных оценок готовности платить за снижение риска смерти от неблагоприятных экологических воздействий. Показана внутренняя структура подхода к оценке ущерба здоровью на основе расчета стоимости болезни: направления калькуляции затрат, перспектива исследования и конкурирующие подходы к определению величины косвенных расходов-метод человеческого капитала и метод фрикционных издержек. Описаны возможные области применения различных методологий оценки ущерба, определены их достоинства и недостатки с точки зрения возможности применения в различных прикладных исследованиях. В результате получены выводы об основных принципах выбора и настройки методологии определения экономического бремени болезни для решения разных исследовательских задач. Ключевые слова: экологический ущерб здоровью, оценка ущерба здоровью, стоимость болезни, готовность платить, бремя болезни

Subject. This article discusses the attention of the scientific community to the socio-economic development of single-industry towns in the Arctic. Objectives. The article aims to identify, compare and systematize the problems of socio-economic development of single-industry towns of the Arctic, studied in Russia and abroad, and the main approaches to their solution. Methods. For the study, I used a narrative bibliographic inquiry into scientific sources. Results. The article reveals the main directions of scientific discourse regarding the main problems of socio-economic development of Arctic single-industry towns in Russia and abroad, as well as differences in research priorities of Russian and foreign scientists. Relevance. The results of the study can be used to arrange further work on the study of single-industry towns as a socio-economic phenomenon.

Environmental protection and safety are at the forefront of Russia's national policies in the Arctic. This region is becoming increasingly internationalized and turning into a major point of interest for world powers and transnational companies, which makes environmental policy an important aspect of geopolitical competition. Environmental policy design should be based on current scientific approaches. This study aims to identify and compare the most important topics and theoretical concepts that underlie environmental policy in Russia and abroad. The methodological approach used was semi-systematic (narrative) bibliographic analysis, which involved selecting and analyzing one hundred most-cited Russian and international studies on environmental policy issues. The study identified the key issues discussed and theoretical as well as methodological approaches used by domestic and foreign researchers in the study of environmental policy. The results of the analysis and comparison were evaluated in the context of their relevance to the challenges associated with Russia's state policy imperatives in the Arctic.

This article is devoted to a review of the theoretical foundations and methodological approaches to solving the problem of assessing the negative consequences for human health caused by anthropogenic environmental impacts. The authors analyze the goals, internal motives and types of damage assessments carried out by various researchers, determine the projections and measurements of the socio-economic category of damage. The study shows the main stages of the basic algorithm for the valuation of health damage. Two main methodological approaches to assessment are disclosed: the calculation of costs due to the negative impact and the assessment of the willingness to pay for risk prevention. The history of the emergence of these approaches, theoretical foundations, advantages and disadvantages, internal structure and logic of work are presented. In particular, with regard to the approach based on the determination of the cost of disease, the categories of cost directions that form its internal structure, research prospects and competing approaches to determining the cost of indirect costs are disclosed. In relation to the willingness to pay approach, a decomposition of economic terms is presented that determine the amount that the respondent is willing to pay for the agreed risk reduction. The basic economic components of the utility category for determining the willingness to pay have been determined. Analyzing various approaches to assessing damage, the authors make an attempt to determine the areas of their possible application in the implementation of scientific research and applied developments. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of the publication of research results, assumptions were made about the development trends of the two prevailing methodological approaches to assessing damage to human health in the world and in Russia, with substantiation of the underlying causes. A forecast has been made on the further evolution of the methodology for assessing damage to human health from adverse environmental impacts in Russia.

This study is an attempt at theoretical substantiation, development and practical implementation of the methodology for systematizing the facts of socially responsible activities of city-forming companies in the territories of company towns in order to determine the prevailing type of socially responsible behavior and prerequisites for the involvement of business in meaningful work on the socio-economic development company towns. The theoretical framework of the work is formed by the concept of corporate social responsibility in the interpretation of A. Carroll and the R. Freeman’s stakeholder’s theory. The empirical basis of the study is the data on the totality of the facts of responsible behavior of the five largest Russian mining and chemical and mining and metallurgical holdings in the territories of their production sites located in the Murmansk region.