Background
During the COVID-19 pandemic, public perceptions and behaviours have had to adapt rapidly to new risk scenarios and radical behavioural restrictions.
Aim
To identify major drivers of acceptance of protective behaviours during the 4-week transition from virtually no COVID-19 cases to the nationwide lockdown in Germany (3–25 March 2020).
Methods
A serial cross-sectional online survey was administered weekly to ca 1,000 unique individuals for four data collection rounds in March 2020 using non-probability quota samples, representative of the German adult population between 18 and 74 years in terms of age × sex and federal state (n = 3,910). Acceptance of restrictions was regressed on sociodemographic variables, time and psychological variables, e.g. trust, risk perceptions, self-efficacy. Extraction of homogenous clusters was based on knowledge and behaviour.
Results
Acceptance of restrictive policies increased with participants’ age and employment in the healthcare sector; cognitive and particularly affective risk perceptions were further significant predictors. Acceptance increased over time, as trust in institutions became more relevant and trust in media became less relevant. The cluster analysis further indicated that having a higher education increased the gap between knowledge and behaviour. Trust in institutions was related to conversion of knowledge into action.
Conclusion
Identifying relevant principles that increase acceptance will remain crucial to the development of strategies that help adjust behaviour to control the pandemic, possibly for years to come. Based on our findings, we provide operational recommendations for health authorities regarding data collection, health communication and outreach.
In April 2009 the first pandemic of the 21st century developed within a few weeks starting from Mexico. Its first wave reached Germany in autumn 2009 and was responsible for 1.8-3.5 million additional medical consultations. For the public health sector, this pandemic was one of the largest challenges of the last few decades. As a contribution to broader evaluations on national and international level, the Robert Koch Institute invited representatives from different professions involved in the pandemic response to participate in a workshop on 22-23 March 2010. This workshop was structured in short presentations, group work, and plenary discussions. Main experiences were that (a) pandemic preparedness was helpful, (b) the early warning systems were reliable, (c) vaccines were available within a few months, however, in limited amounts. Need for improvement was discussed for (a) effectiveness of vaccination logistics, (b) mechanisms for the reimbursement of the cost of vaccination, (c) availability of surveillance and monitoring systems, (d) integration of physicians in decision-making processes and health education, and (e) proactive communication strategies. Investments in the above mentioned areas can help to improve public health protection in the future.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Eltern stehen während der COVID-19-Pandemie vor einer Vielzahl persönlicher Herausforderungen, während sie gleichzeitig mit schulbezogenen Maßnahmen zur Pandemieeindämmung konfrontiert werden.
Zielsetzung
Dieser Beitrag fokussiert auf die Belastung von Eltern mit Kindern im Schulalter über verschiedene Phasen der COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland und identifiziert besonders vulnerable Subgruppen.
Methoden
Die COSMO-Studie ist eine repetitive Querschnittsstudie zur Erfassung der psychosozialen Lage der Bevölkerung in Deutschland während der Pandemie, mit einer Stichprobengröße von ca. n = 1000 Befragten pro Erhebungswelle. COSMO-Daten zur allgemeinen und elternspezifischen Belastung wurden von März 2020 bis Januar 2021 quantitativ analysiert.
Ergebnisse
Während der ersten COVID-19-Welle waren Eltern mit Kindern im Schulalter – verglichen mit der allgemeinen Studienpopulation – signifikant stärker belastet. Die Belastung nahm jedoch von März/April bis Juni 2020 deutlich ab. Während der zweiten COVID-19-Welle im Januar 2021 war die Belastung über alle Gruppen hinweg homogen hoch. Folgende Faktoren waren mit einer höheren Belastung assoziiert: Alleinerziehendenstatus, niedriges Haushaltseinkommen, eine chronische Erkrankung, eine COVID-19-Infektion sowie ein Migrationshintergrund; wobei diese Faktoren nicht über alle Erhebungswellen hinweg signifikant waren. Mütter gaben an, stärker von elternspezifischen Belastungen betroffen zu sein als Väter.
Schlussfolgerung
Schulbasierte Maßnahmen zur Infektionskontrolle müssen sorgfältig gegen die Auswirkungen auf die elterliche Belastung mit nachfolgenden negativen Auswirkungen auf das Familiensystem abgewogen werden.
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