Annotation. Uncertainty of measures for the treatment of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma necessitates the development of new treatments for patients. The analysis of the specialized scientific literature for generalization of the given mechanisms of regeneration of a liver at chronic liver diseases and use in clinical practice of modern medical actions is carried out. The search of specialized scientific literature for the period from 2012 to 2022 to identify problematic issues of liver regeneration after different volumes of its resection in chronic liver disease and the disclosure of mechanisms that inhibit or directly stimulate liver regeneration. It has been established that the liver has sufficient regenerative potential, capable of regeneration after 75% removal of its volume in humans and up to 90% in some models of rodents, which allows it to withstand various types of damage, including physical injuries, infections, inflammation, direct toxicity and immunological disorders. Liver regeneration after resection is achieved in different ways depending on the size of the liver resection. Regeneration after resection of a third of the liver is achieved mainly by hypertrophy with a small number of cell divisions. Resection of 70% of the liver volume is accompanied by regeneration in the form of hyperplasia due to hepatocyte proliferation. Increased hepatocyte growth factor in sinusoidal endothelial cells of the liver stimulates liver regeneration. Regression of fibrosis is possible due to the elimination of pathophysiological causes, as well as the elimination of activated myofibroblasts, which leads to the resorption of scar tissue. In the future, it is advisable to investigate and test in practice innovative technologies to stimulate liver regeneration in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

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Adaptive processes in a single kidney after nephrectomy are manifested in the early stages of compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining kidney. Changes in kidney size (length, width, thickness) were determined. The results of studies have shown that the width of the kidney, not length, is a predictor of renal failure. Renal volume has been shown to be the optimal parameter for predicting renal function. Microscopic and submicroscopic changes of structural components of nephrons at different times after nephrectomy are described.

У статті аналізуються сучасні підходи до видалення каменів сечової системи у єдиній нирці. Результати дослідження показали, що функціональний стан нирки найбільш збережений при застосуванні малоінвазивних лапароскопічних і ретроперитонеальних доступів для операцій з приводу каменів верхніх сечових шляхів. Перевагою ретроперитонеальних доступів була відсутність ускладнень механічного та термічного ураження очеревини з наступним виникненням спайкового процесу. Ефективність фіксації нирки у фізіологічному положенні як профілактика рецидиву нефролітіазу хворих з коралоподібними каменями єдиної нирки полягає у зменшені травматичності та тривалості операції, прискорює соціальну реабілітацію хворого, дає хороші віддалені результати.

The aim: To summarize the state of the problem of urolithiasis in patients with a single kidney and consider current views on improving its treatment based on the analysis of world literature. Materials and methods: The study conducted a thorough analysis of modern scientific literature sources in the international scientometric database, which highlighted the development of urolithiasis in patients with a single kidney and the peculiarities of its treatment. The main ways to improve treatment are identified. A critical assessment of the achievements and shortcomings of various surgical treatments. The authors’ own developments are presented in the article. Conclusions: The topographic position of the kidney in the retroperitoneal space affects not only the occurrence of pathological processes in the kidney, but also the surgical strategy in the treatment of nephrolithiasis. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is the main treatment for large (> 2 cm) or complex kidney stones. Patients with a single kidney are more prone to bleeding with PCNL treatment than patients with bilateral kidneys because they have an increased thickness of the renal parenchyma as a result of compensatory hypertrophy. RIRS is a reliable choice for patients with a single kidney who is contraindicated in PCNL.