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The mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a special mobile network that has self-configuration and self-establish abilities to communicate conveniently. MANET is forming mobile devices such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptops, etc. As a result of the rapid, flexibility, and facilitate in communication, nowadays, MANET has revolutionized many real-life applications, ranging from smart agriculture and smart cities to forest fire detection systems, and expected to have vital contributions into the future of the Internet. However, due to the mobile nature of network nodes combined with the network architecture that without relying on central devices pre-installed such as base stations, the high-performance routing problem is one of the most significant challenges in the MANET environment. In this study, we propose a highperformance routing protocol, namely agent-based ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (A-AODV), to select the optimal route with high throughput and low latency. Through the developed routing algorithm, we explain how the suitable route with the lowest cost based on agents. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed protocol, we compared A-AODV's performance with two well-known traditional protocols on NS2. Simulation results show that A-AODV improves superior performance over the traditional protocols.

One of the main challenges for researchers to build routing protocols is how to use energy efficiently to extend the lifespan of the whole wireless sensor networks (WSN) because sensor nodes have limited battery power resources. In this work, we propose a Sector Tree-Based clustering routing protocol (STB-EE) for Energy Efficiency to cope with this problem, where the entire network area is partitioned into dynamic sectors (clusters), which balance the number of alive nodes. The nodes in each sector only communicate with their nearest neighbour by constructing a minimum tree based on the Kruskal algorithm and using mixed distance from candidate node to base station (BS) and remaining energy of candidate nodes to determine which node will become the cluster head (CH) in each cluster? By calculating the duration of time in each round for suitability, STB-EE increases the number of data packets sent to the BS. Our simulation results show that the network lifespan using STB-EE can be improved by about 16% and 10% in comparison to power-efficient gathering in sensor information system (PEGASIS) and energy-efficient PEGASIS-based protocol (IEEPB), respectively.

This paper presents a modification of a well-known routing protocol, namely Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector, as a solution to improve the performance of mobile ad hoc networks in 5G. We adapted the mobile agent technology and a novel metric for routing in those networks. The metric is a function of the loss rate, the bandwidth and the end-to-end delay of the link. In deed, we established a new tunable parameter to obtain a tradeoff between throughput and delay when computing the new metric. As a result, any routing protocol using this metric can always choose a high-throughput and low-delay path between a source and a destination. Hence, the achievable performance of the mobile ad hoc networks in 5G has been improved remarkably with our modified routing protocol.

Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) is a set of mobile devices that can self-configuration, self-established parameters to transmission in-network. Although limited inability, MANETs have been applied in many domains to serve humanity in recent years, such as disaster recovery, forest fire, military, intelligent traffic, or IoT ecosystems. Because of the movement of network devices, the system performance is low. In order to MANETs could more contribution in the future of the Internet, the routing is a significant problem to enhance the performance of MANETs. In this work, we proposed a new delay-based protocol aim enhance the system performance, called performance routing protocol based on delay (PRPD). In order to analyze the efficiency of the proposed solution, we compared the proposed protocol with traditional protocols. Experiment results showed that the PRPD protocol improved packet delivery ratio, throughput, and delay compared to the traditional protocols.