Background:Breast cancer is a leading cause of death in women. Receptor status is the most important prognostic and predictive marker for breast cancer.Aims:The present study was conducted with an aim to analyze breast cancer of Indian women with discordant receptor status, probably hormone dependent estrogen receptor (ER) positive, progesterone receptor (PgR) negative or ER– negative and PgR+ positive subgroup profile, infiltrating ductal breast cancer (IDC) not otherwise specified.Materials and Methods:Specimens from 100 IDC were grouped into three categories according to hormonal status (group 1: ER+ positive and PgR+ positive, group 2: ER+ positive and PgR– negative or ER– negative and PgR+ positive, group 3: ER– negative and PgR– negative) evaluated prognostic parameters.Statistical Analysis:Statistically significant difference was found between tumor receptor status distribution and menopausal status (P = 0.0235), age of patients (P < 0.001), histopathologic grade (P < 0.001), vascular invasion (P = 0.006), HER-2/neu status (P = 0.004) and Ki-67 proliferation rate (P < 0.001).Results:Group 1 tumors were found exclusively in post-menopausal patients with average age 68.9 years, most of which had intermediate grade II, without vascular invasion, with HER-2/neu status score predominantly 0 or 1+ and lower Ki-67 proliferation rate. Group 2 tumors were found predominantly in younger post-menopausal patients with average age 57.5 years, with vascular invasion found in 23% of cases. Group 3 tumors mostly had higher histopathologic grade, showed the highest percentage of the Ki-67 positive tumor cells and vascular invasion in 30% of the cases.Conclusion:It is concluded that patients with group 2 breast cancer were younger post-menopausal women, with tumors moderately differentiated, HER-2/neu score 0 or 1+ and with lower Ki-67 proliferation rate.

Background and Objectives:Insulin resistance (IR) is frequent in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and may be related to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Increased oxidative stress parameters and carbonyl protein are linked to insulin sensitivity. The present study is aimed to determine IR, its association with oxidative deoxy nucleic acid (DNA) damage in HIV-1-infected patients with different ART status.Materials and Methods:In this case–control study, a total 600 subjects were included. We used plasma levels of the oxidized base, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), as our biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. 8-OHdG was measured with the highly sensitive 8-OHdG check enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. IR was determined using homeostasis model assessment.Results:All subjects were randomly selected and grouped as HIV-negative (control group) (n = 300), HIV-positive without ART (n = 100), HIV-positive with ART first line (n = 100), and HIV-positive with ART second line (n = 100). IR and oxidative DNA damage were significantly higher in HIV-positive patients with second-line ART and HIV-positive patients with first-line ART than ART-naive patients. In a linear regression analysis, increased IR was positively associated with the increased DNA damage (odds ratio: 3.052, 95% confidence interval: 2.595–3.509) P < 0.001.Interpretation and Conclusions:In this study, we observed that ART plays a significant role in the development of IR and oxidative DNA damage in HIV-positive patients taking ART. Awareness and knowledge of these biomarkers may prove helpful to clinicians while prescribing ART to HIV/AIDS patients. Larger studies are warranted to determine the exact role of ART in the induction of IR and DNA damage.