A reliable method, utilizing a fluoride ion-selective electrode, is described for the determination of fluoride in clays and shales. Interference by aluminum and iron is minimal. The reproducibility of the method is about ___5~0 at different levels of fluoride concentration.Data are presented for various clay minerals and for the <2-/~m fractions of marine and nonmarine clays and shales. Fluoride values range from 44 ppm (0.0044%) for nontronite from Colfax, WA, to 51,800 ppm (5.18%) for hectorite from Hector, CA. In general, clays formed under hydrothermal conditions are relatively high in fluoride content, provided the hydrothermal waters are high in fluoride content. Besides hectorite, dickite from Ouray, CO, was found to contain more than 50 times as much fluoride (6700 ppm) as highly crystalline geode kaolinite (125 ppm). The clay stratum immediately overlying a fluorite mineralized zone in southern Illinois was found to have a higher fluoride content than the same stratum in a nonmineralized zone approximately 1 mile away. Nonmarine shales in contact with Australian coals were found to be lower in fluoride content than were marine shales in contact with Illinois coals.It is believed that, in certain instances, peak shifts on DTA curves of similar clay minerals are the result of significant differences in their fluoride content.

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Homoionic samples of four montmorillonite clays, selected on the basis of the properties which control their economic uses, were prepared by treating with two normal neutral solutions of ammonium acetate, lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium chloride. Atterberg plastic and liquid limits, slopes of the liquid limit curves, and water sorption curves were determined. Among the results suggested, the following are particularly considered:1.The plastic state is reached when enough water is put into the system to fill all the pore space and to supply all the montmorillonite layers with water adequate for rigid layers plus a slight additional amount.2.The type of cation is not the only factor which controls the properties of montmorillonite.3.The structure of the lattice also appears to determine the properties of montmorillonite.