The first human phàeohyphomycotic infection caused by Xylohypha emmonsii is described. The patient, an 83-year-old woman, developed a purpuric lesion on her left arm. The pale brown fungal elements observed in biopsy tissue consisted of thin-to thick-walled, oval to spherical, yeastlike cells with single and, occasionally, multiple buds; chains of budding cells; cells with internal septations in one and, rarely, two planes; and septate hyphae. In culture, X. emmonsu grew moderately fast at 25°C, showed minimal growth at 37°C, and failed to grow at 40°C. It produced acropetal chains of one-celled (rarely two-celled) conidia laterally and terminally directly from vegetative hyphal cells.