Semi-arid and arid regions (i.e. drylands with annual mean rainfall between 25 and 500 mm) cover approximately one-third of the world's land area and are inhabited by almost 400 million people. Because they are a resource in short supply, waters in drylands are under increasing human pressures, and many are threatened by rising salinities (salinisation) in particular. Rising salinities result from several causes. The salinities of many large natural salt lakes in drylands are rising as water is diverted from their inflows for irrigation and other uses. The excessive clearance of natural, deep-rooted vegetation from catchments and the discharge of saline agricultural wastewater causes the salinity of many freshwater lakes, wetlands and rivers to rise. The salinisation of some fresh waters is caused by rising saline groundwaters. And in some regions, increasing climatic aridity may be a cause of salinisation. Whatever the cause, salinisation has significant economic, social and environmental impacts. They are usually deleterious and often irreparable. Decreased biodiversity, changes in the natural character of aquatic ecosystems, and lower productivity are frequent ecological effects. In some dryland countries, salinisation is viewed as the single most important threat to water resources. However, the extent and importance of salinisation as a global threat has been greatly underestimated. Recognition of this is the first step in any attempt to manage it effectively. The aims of the present paper, therefore, are three-fold. First, it aims to define the problem and indicate its extent; second, it aims to outline the causes and effects of salinisation; third, it aims to highlight the social, economic and environmental costs and comment on management responses. An overarching aim is to draw attention to the importance of salinisation as a phenomenon of global significance to waters in drylands

More than half of China's lakes are saline (viz. have salinities > 3 g L-'). Most salt lakes are in northwestern China (Tibet, Qinghai, Sinkiang, Inner Mongolia). Most Mongolian salt lakes are in the west of that country. Tectonic movements have been of the greatest importance in lake origins, but aeolian activity and deflation have also played a role. Many salt lakes in Qinghai-Tibet lie at altitudes > 4 000 m.a.s.1.; Aiding Hu (Sinkiang) lies at -154 m.a.s.

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Five experiments were conducted to determine if boars and barrows differ in the level of dietary lysine required to maximize growth rate, efficiency of feed utilization, carcass leanness and N retention. In Exp. 1, 48 boars and 48 barrows were fed fortified corn-soybean meal diets calculated to contain 14 (grower) and 12% protein (finisher) and supplemented with 0, .15 or .30% lysine from 27 to 105 kg body weight. The basal diets analyzed .60 and .47% lysine, respectively. Linear improvements in feed/gain (P less than .01), backfat thickness (P less than .10), longissimus muscle area (P less than .01), and ham-loin (P less than .05) and lean cuts percentage (P less than .1) were observed in boars as dietary lysine increased. In barrows, however, growth rate, feed:gain ratio and carcass characteristics (except longissimus muscle area) were not significantly affected by dietary lysine level. In Exp. 2, 18 boars and 18 barrows initially averaging 64 kg body weight were fed a 12% protein diet (.47% lysine) supplemented with 0, .15 or .30% lysine. Linear (P less than .05) increases in N retention occurred in boars, but not barrows, as dietary lysine was increased. In Exp. 3 and 4, 140 boars (34 to 103 kg) were fed a 14-12% protein sequence (analyzed .61 and .48% lysine) supplemented with 0, .1, .2, .3 or .4% lysine. In Exp. 5, 60 boars (23 to 103 kg) were fed a 16-14% protein sequence (analyzed .83 and .68% lysine) supplemented with 0, .075, .15 or .225% lysine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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