Aqueous enzymatic extraction of oil from Balanites aegyptiaca (desert date) kernel was optimized using a mixture of four enzymes (alcalase, cellulase, viscozyme L and protease). The physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of the oil obtained by enzyme assisted aqueous extraction and byorganic solvent extraction were compared. Using 2% of each enzyme and 1:10 of water-to-kernel flour ratio, the yield of oil extraction was 38%, estimated in comparison with extraction by Soxhlet method. Linoleic acid was the most prominent fatty acid, followed by oleic acid, and palmitic acid. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the fatty acid composition of the oil extracted using enzymes mixtures and organic solvents. However, the oil obtained by aqueous enzymatic extraction presented a significantly lower (P < 0.05) acid value, peroxide value, color intensity and phospholipids content than the oil obtained by solvent extraction.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of diet supplemented with different oils on growth performance carcass of growing rabbits. Total numbers of 50 weaned male growing New Zealand White rabbits, of four weeks old with an average initial body weight 455.6 g were used in this study. Rabbits were randomly distributed into five comparable groups of 10 growing rabbit. The animals were housed in cages provided with continues feeder and automatic water facilities during the experimental period, which lasted for 6 weeks. Rabbit groups were fed commercial rabbit diet without additive (control, group 1 ), with 10 g canola oil/kg diet (group 2), with 10 g rice barn oil /kg diet (group 3), with 10 g virgin olive oil /kg diet (group 4) with 10 g sunflower oil /kg diet (group 5). Growth was assessed by measuring body weight gain (BWG). At 10 weeks of age three animals from each group were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Results showed that the effect of different diet supplemented oils on body weight gain was significant. The highest improvement in average daily gains during the study was 13.8% in Canola oil group as compared with control group followed by 11.3 %, 8.5 % and 3.9 % for Virgin olive oil, Rice barn oil and Sunflower oil respectively, as compared with control group. Treatment with different diet supplemented oils significantly increased the dressing percentage. The meat contents of vitamins E and A were enhancement by oil supplementation. Plasma cholesterol and Triglyceride were lowered significantly in oils supplemented groups as compared with control group. The differences between groups were significant in high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Physical meat characteristics, as moisture and ash were nearly similar for the different groups. Virgin olive oil group showed significantly (P<0.05) highest protein content followed by canola oil, rice barn oil and sunflower oil while control group had the lowest protein content. Control group showed significantly (P<0.05) highest ether extract content, however virgin olive oil had the lowest content.

This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors WHME and EMR designed the study, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors WHME and MMM managed the literature analyses, searches, statistical analysis of the study, performed the biological and author AHM managed the experimental process and author EMR identified the species of okara and biological material. Author WHME managed the literature searches and addressed subsequent reviewer comments and suggestions for improvement. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

It is important to know the antioxidant content and their efficacy in foods, for preservation or protection against oxidative damage, to avoid deleterious changes and loss of commercial and nutritional value. Antioxidants are the compounds , which combat the free radical by intervening it any one of the free radical mediated oxidative process. The role of ethanolic extracted kernel of Balanites aegyptiaca (B. aegyptiaca) on development hepatocarcinoma and CCL4 effect as an antioxidant and antimicrobial were identified in this study. The present study aimed to identify the potential hepatoprotective activity against hepatic injury produced by carbon tetrachloride CCL 4 in rats and to acquire information about the health aspects of Balanites aegyptiaca.The DPPH radical scavenging activity assay (ROS)activity of Balanites aegyptiaca (50 ; 100 ; 200 mg/mL) was determined against standard BHT. TheScavenging effect of kernel ethanolic extract of Balanites aegyptiaca (EB i) on the DPPH radical decreased in order of EB 200 >EB 100 >EB 50 at all concentrations (200 , 100 and 50 mg/mL) respectively, this actually occurred linearity with increasing concentrations and due to increase flavonoids that has apotent antioxidant activity and its strongscavengers of free radicals.The antimicrobial activity of the kernel of Balanites aegyptiaca (EB i) and different extracts doses well diffusion method are determined by using inhibition zone against Psedomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis. The inhibition zone for Psedomonas aeruginosawas 9 mm at dose EB 50. Dose EB200 was more susceptible to inhibit bacterial activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis were found to EB more sensitive than other doses of EB100 and EB50. The minimal concentration of ethenolic extract of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC 90) as more susceptible to inhibit 90% of Staphylococcus areas with lower concentrate 132 µl/ml while , Streptococcus faecalis was need for higher concentrate from extract at 190 µl/ml. The biological study was carried on albino rats Liver injury induced by an oral administration of 20% Carbon tetrachloride (CCL 4) which was suspended in corn oil and then injected orally (1 ml/kg body weight), twice a week, for 4 weeks. Then rats were grouping into 4 groups and dosing by 200 mg of Balanites aegyptiaca and compared with 50 mg per rat on Silymarin. Antioxidant and biochemical determination were recorded. B. aegyptiaca extracts inhibited oxidative of CCL4 effect was significant decrease in treated animals for all different four groups where a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the serum at liver function (ALT and AST) levels were occurring among 200 mg fed group (3) of and also among group 4 which dosages on Silymarin treated when comparison with hepatocarcinoma group 2 of CCL 4 .Also there was definitly improving liver function and ALP (alkaline phosphatase), indicated that EB 200 had a significant role to recovery of some hepatocarcinoma symptoms, which occurred ...

Ten genotypes of cotton were evaluated for resistance to Fusarium wilt cause by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. The genotypes were divided into two groups based on their reactions to the disease. The first group included five susceptible genotypes (9