Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications based on Artificial Intelligence, such as mobile object detection and recognition from images and videos, may greatly benefit from inferences made by state-of-the-art Deep Neural Network(DNN) models. However, adopting such models in IoT applications poses an important challenge since DNNs usually require lots of computational resources (i.e. memory, disk, CPU/GPU, and power), which may prevent them to run on resource-limited edge devices. On the other hand, moving the heavy computation to the Cloud may significantly increase running costs and latency of IoT applications. Among the possible strategies to tackle this challenge are: (i) DNN model partitioning between edge and cloud; and (ii) running simpler models in the edge and more complex ones in the cloud, with information exchange between models, when needed. Variations of strategy (i) also include: running the entire DNN on the edge device (sometimes not feasible) and running the entire DNN on the cloud. All these strategies involve trade-offs in terms of latency, communication, and financial costs. In this article we investigate such trade-offs in real-world scenarios. We conduct several experiments using deep learning models for image-based object detection and classification. Our setup includes a Raspberry PI 3 B+ and a cloud server equipped with a GPU. Different network bandwidths are also evaluated. Our results provide useful insights about the aforementioned trade-offs. The partitioning experiment showed that, overall, running the inferences entirely on the edge or entirely on the cloud server are the best options. The collaborative approach yielded a significant increase in accuracy without penalizing running costs too much.
With the advent of smart IoT applications empowered with AI, together with the democratization of mobile devices, moving the computation from cloud to edge is a natural trend in both academia and industry. A major challenge in this direction is enabling the deployment of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), which usually demand lots of computational resources (i.e. memory, disk, CPU/GPU, and power), in resource limited edge devices. Among the possible strategies to tackle this challenge are: (i) running the entire DNN on the edge device (sometimes not feasible), (ii) distributing the computation between edge and cloud or (iii) running the entire DNN on the cloud. All these strategies involve trade-offs in terms of latency, communication, and financial costs. In this article we investigate such trade-offs in a real-world scenario involving object detection from video surveillance feeds. We conduct several experiments on two different versions of YOLO (You Only Look Once), a state-of-the-art DNN designed for fast and accurate object detection and location. Our experimental setup for DNN model partitioning includes a Raspberry PI 3 B+ and a cloud server equipped with a GPU. Experiments using different network bandwidths are performed. Our results provide useful insights about the aforementioned trade-offs.
Heat, work and entropy production: the statistical distribution of such quantities are constrained by the fluctuation theorems (FT), which reveal crucial properties about the nature of non-equilibrium dynamics. In this paper we report theoretical and experimental results regarding two FT for a new quantity, named coherent energy, which is an energy form directly associated with the coherences of the quantum state. We also demonstrate that this quantity behaves as a thermodynamic arrow of time for unitary evolutions, that is, in the absence of entropy production. The experiment is implemented in an all-optical setup in which the system is encoded in the polarization of one photon of a pair. The FT are demonstrated using the two-point measurement protocol, executed using the other photon of the pair, allowing to assess the probability distributions directly from the outcomes of the experiment.
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