I. The effect of energy and protein intake on the growth, food efficiency and nitrogen retention of artificially-reared pigs was studied over three 8 d periods between 8-32 d of age in an experiment employing a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial design. The factors were initial energy:N value (I; 250, 355,460, 565 or 670 kJ/g N ) . rate of increase of I at 8 d intervals (0, 12.5 or 25 %) and plane of nutrition (three times daily to appetite or 75 % of this intake).2. The range of energy:N values was obtained by formulating five diets based on dried skim milk, lactose and casein and feeding appropriate combinations of two diets. The diets, which were pelleted, contained 100 g maize oil/kg and the gross energy content was approximately 20 MJ/kg.3. N digestibility was high at all three age intervals, reaching 0-gg on the diet containing the highest dietary crude protein (N x 6.25) level. Metabolic faecal N excretion was found to be 1.1 g/kg dry matter (DM) intake. 4.Growth rate, feed conversion ratio (kg food intake/kg wt gain; FCR), N retention (NR) and the proportion of digested N retained (NR: apparent digested N (ADN)) were significantly (P c 0'001) affected by I values at all age intervals and the responses were quadratic. Response curves were calculated by the least squares method and optimum values of I determined for each of the criteria. A constant energy:N value of approximately 400 kJ/g N was indicated by growth, FCR and NR optima but the NR:ADN value fell from 0 7 7 for the 8-16 d period to 0.60 for the 24-32 d period at this I value. It is concluded that a suitable compromise would be an I value of 470 kJ/g N increasing by 10 %/week. To provide a basis for diet formulation it is desirable to obtain information on the effects of protein and energy intake on growth, feed conversion ratio (kg feed/kg gain), nitrogen retention (NR) and the proportion of N intake retained. When the study to be described was undertaken the most comprehensive information on the protein requirements of piglets was that of Manners & McCrea (1962, 1963

I. The effect of energy and protein intake on the nitrogen and energy utilization and carcass composition of artificially-reared p i g was studied between 8 and 32 d of age in an experiment employing a 5 x 3 x 2 factorial design. The factors were initially energy:N value (I) (250, 355, 460, 565 or 670 kJ/g N), rate of increase of I (R) at 8 d intervals (0, 12.5 or 25 %) and plane of nutrition (three times daily to appetite or 75 % of this intake).2. The range of energy:N values was obtained by formulating five diets based on dried skim milk, lactose and casein and feeding appropriate combinations of two diets.3. The metabolizable energy (ME) intake, carcass dry matter (DM) content, carcass protein gain and carcass fat gain exhibited significant (P < 0001) quadratic responses to I.4. The carcass fat content in the DM increased from 200 to 342 g/kg (P < 0001) and the carcass crude protein (N x 6.25) content decreased from 657 to 519 g/kg with increasing level of I (P < 0001). The fat and protein contents were 309 and 556 g/kg and 242 and 610 g/kg respectively on the high and low plane of nutrition (PN) and were significantly different (P c 0001).5. There was a significant I x R interaction in relation to carcass protein gain with the maximum gain occurring at 460 kJ/g N when I was constant and at 355 kJ/g N when R was 25 % per 8 d.6. The proportion of apparent digested N intake retained (N retention (NR):apparent digested N (ADN)) was significantly (P < 0.001) affected by all three factors and there were significant I x R (P < o . o~I ) , I x PN (P c 0.01) and R x R x PN (P < 0.01) interactions. The maximum value of NR: ADN was 0.80. 7.Carcass fat gain and carcass energy gain exhibited quadratic responses to I reaching maximum values at 460 kJ/g N. The energy content of the live-weight gain increased linearly (P < 0001) from 5.79 to 7'90 MJ/kg with increasing level of I. PN and R also produced significant (P < o~r ) responses the means being respectively 7.52 and 6.39 MJ/kg on the high and low PN and 6 3 5 , 6 9 4 and 7-38 kJ/kg with increasing value of R. 8.Multiple regression analysis of ME intake on liveweight 0, protein gain (PG) and fat gain (FG) yielded the equation:This result is discussed in relation to published values for the energy requirements of the young pig. ME (MJ) = 0.644 W0Js+32.6 PG+482 FG.

Based on both principled and pragmatic arguments, this paper presents a flexible and consistent approach to monitoring equality of employment opportunity on a multidimensional basis within a large organisation. Emphasis is given to the examination of flows into and through an organisation, as opposed to compositional analyses which are an insensitive barometer to change. The applicability of loglinear methods is outlined and consideration is given to problems associated with empty cells in contingency tables and assessing the goodness of fit of models derived from this type of analysis. A novel application of survival analysis to examine differentials in the waiting times for promotion experienced by different subgroups is introduced. A brief overview is given of the types of computing systems and software which will facilitate monitoring in a large organisation.

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Palpitations, syncope, and sudden death, the hallmark manifestations of cardiac arrhythmias, are encountered by all cardiologists and other clinicians. In the United States alone, more than 2 million people are affected with atrial arrhythmias. Annually more than 250 000 are victims of sudden death, most often from ventricular arrhythmias. Heart rhythm abnormalities are common comorbidities in many cardiac diseases, and a significant number of people have primary electrophysiological diseases without structural or functional heart disease.The field of interventional cardiac electrophysiology began more than 20 years ago, when Melvin Scheinman and John Gallagher's work demonstrating that an electric shock applied to a temporary pacing catheter could be used to selectively damage a portion of the cardiac electrical system, establishing the feasibility of catheter ablation in humans. Almost simultaneously, Michel Mirowski's dream of an implantable defibrillator was becoming a clinical reality, with the first cardioverter defibrillator implantation in 1980. These technologies rapidly developed to the point of replacing antiarrhythmic drug therapy and arrhythmia surgery as treatments for many arrhythmias. As cardiac rhythm management devices evolved, they provided diagnostic insights into the pathophysiology of arrhythmias that apply directly to diagnosis and treatment. Articles in the Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology series will provide an up-to-date review and assessment of the field.Depressed ventricular function from any cause and an increasing number of genetic diseases are associated with a risk of sudden arrhythmic death that can be dramatically reduced by an implantable defibrillator. Implantable arrhythmia devices now treat ventricular dysfunction in an increasing number of patients with heart failure. Challenges remain in the identification of patients who benefit and in optimal implementation of the therapy. Articles on Sudden Death Prevention With Implantable Devices, Electrophysiological Interventions for Inherited Arrhythmia Syndromes, and Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for Heart Failure will address current use and challenges.Catheter ablation provides effective therapy for many arrhythmias and has also advanced our understanding of conduction system anatomy, physiology, and arrhythmia mechanisms. Articles on catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias, atrial fibrillation, and interventions for ventricular tachycardias will review physiological insights and practical issues relevant to invasive procedures for treatment of these arrhythmia substrates.All cardiologists and primary-care providers manage patients for whom interventional electrophysiological therapies can be curative, life changing, or life saving. As with any intervention, potential risks as well as benefits are important considerations when recommending these therapies or referring for interventional electrophysiology procedures. We hope that this series will provide a framework for integrating new pathophysiological an...