Rhizocticin A, the main component of the antifungal, hydrophilic phosphono-oligopeptides of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, was used for sensitivity testing and experiments into the molecular mechanism of the antibiotic action. Budding and filamentous fungi as well as the cultivated nematode Caenorhabditis elegans were found to be sensitive, whereas bacteria and the protozoon Paramecium caudatum were insensitive. Rhizoctonia solani was inhibited in agar dilution tests but not in diffusion tests. The antifungal effect of rhizocticin A was neutralized by a variety of amino acids and oligopeptides. Oligopeptide influence was mainly understood as transport antagonism, and it was concluded that the antibiotic enters the recipient cell via the peptide transport system. L- and D-cystine were also identified as potent, general antagonists of the oligopeptide transport. The rhizocticin-antagonism of four other amino acids was taken as a clue to the site of action. Provided that rhizocticin A is split by peptidases of the target cell into inactive L-arginine and toxic L-2-amino-5-phosphono-3-cis-pentenoic acid (L-APPA), the latter may interfere with the threonine or threonine-related metabolism.
Of the two antifungal antibiotics produced by Badllus subtilis F-29-3, the dipeptide compound bacilysin inhibits yeasts (and bacteria), whereas the formerly unknown fengymycin, a complex of closely related lipopeptide components, shows antibiotic activity against filamentous fungi.Bacilysin production, formerly known for a few strains only, could be demonstrated for all 12 wild-type cultures of Badllus subtilis tested during this study. The antibiotic also occurs in some strains of three other Badllus species considered as closely realted to B. subtilis.Members of the lipopeptide class of antifungal Badllus metabolites were formed by 8 of 12 Badllus subtilis-isolztes and several other Badllus strains.The antibiotics of F-29-3 were compared with antifungal metabolites of other Badllus isolates using TLC, agar-diffusion techniques and tests demonstrating the capacity of six lipopeptide and peptide preparations to protect rice seedlings from phytomycosis due to Rbizoctonia solani.Fengymycin proved to be different from the other compounds tested. It was less toxic to the test plants and protected them better from Rhizoctonia disease than the other antibiotics of the study did.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 1235 4,5,6-Trimethoxy-N, N-dimethyl-tryptamin (XI) und zwei dem Mescalin nahestehende Verbindungen, fi-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenoxy)-athyl-amin (VI) und ,4,5-Trimethoxyphenoxy)-athyl-dimethylamin (III), wurden synthetisiert. Keine der drei Substanzen zeigte in vorlaufigen Humanversuchen psychotrope Aktivitat. Vor etwa 28 Jahren haben OXFORD et ~1 .~) aus dem Kulturfiltrat von Penicillium brefeldianum DODGE die Fulvinsaure (I) z, 3, isoliert. Der gleiche Pilz produziert auch Grise~fulvin~). Bei der Untersuchung eines Stammes (S 464) dieses Pilzes haben wir als Hauptprodukt Palitantin (11) 4, gefunden. In kleinerer Menge konnten wir das mit Palitantin eng verwandte Frequentin (111) 5, 6 , sowie zwei neue Stoffwechselprodukte isolieren, die wir Brefeldin A und Brefeldin B nennen. Fulvinsaure und Griseofulvin liessen sich bisher in keiner unserer Ziichtungen, die unter den verschiedensten Bedingungen durchgefiihrt wurden, nachweisen. Dagegen konnten wir Brefeldin A auch aus dem Kulturfiltrat eines weiteren Penicillium-Stammes (S 498) als Hauptmetabolit gewinnen. Als Nebenprodukt erhielten wir aus diesem Stamme noch 1-0-Stearylglycerin (cc-Monostearin)
Neben Xanthomegnin (16b), 3,4-Dehydroxanthomegnin (29 a), Viomellein (23) und Vioxanthin (3) wurde aus Penicillium citreo-oiride unter veranderten Kulturbedingungen semi-Vioxanthin (7) isoliert. Konstitution 7 folgl aus den Speklren und dem Befund, da8 mit Fremy-Salz 3,4,6,9-Tetrahydro-1O-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-melhyl-1,6,9-trioxo-lH-naphtho[2.3-c]pyran (9a = semiXanthomegnin) entsteht. -Das durch Entmethylierung von 9a zugangliche 9c lieB sich mit KaliumpersulfatjNatriumhydroxid zu 16a dimerisieren, das zu 16b methyliert wurde. Synthetisches 16b war mit nativem Xanthomegnin identisch, was die von Hi$e und Rijser') revidierte Konstitution bestatigt und beweist, daB die Farbstoffe der Xanthomegnin-Reihe biogenetisch einheitlich sind. -Die Stoffwechselprodukte des Stammes hemmen das Wachstum von Bakterien, 16b und 23 wirken ferner gegen Insekten. Metabolic Products of Microorganism, 172 ') Isolation of the Antibiotic semi-Vioxantbin from Penicillium citueo-uivide and Synthesis of XantbomegninBesides xanthomegnin (16 b), 3,4-dehydroxanthomegnin (29a), viomellein (23) and vioxanthin (3) from Penicillium citreo-oiride under different culture conditions semi-vioxanthin (7) was isolated. Structure 7 has been established by its spectra and the fact that oxidation with Fremy's salt gives 3,4,6,9-tetrahydro-1O-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methyl-1,6,9-trioxo-1H-naphtho~2,3-c]pyran (9a = semi-xanthomegnin). -9c, prepared by demethylation of 9a, was dimerized by potassium peroxydisulfate,'sodium hydroxide and methylated, giving 16b. Synthetic 16b and authentic xanthomegnin were identical, which verifies the structure revised by Hofle and Riiser 9' and shows, that the dyes of the xanthomegnin series are biogenetically homogenous. -The metabolic products of the strain inhibit the growth of bacteria. 16b and 26 furthermore have an effect against insects.Der Pilzstamm Tii 553 (Penicillium citreo-viride) produziert ein Gemisch gelber und gelbroter Farbstoffe, die antibiotische Aktivitat zeigen und auf Insekten fraljhemmend wirken. Das fettfreie Farbstoff-Rohprodukt, das durch Aceton-Extraktion des Mycels und Petrolether-Fallung des oligen Eindampfriickstandes gewonnen wurde, trennte sich beim wiederholten Chromatographieren an Oxalsaure-Kieselgel in sechs Komponenten
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