Experimental studies of turbulence promoters for hyperfiltration show that detached promoters can be fabricated which possess characteristics of "ideal" promoters-i.e., they do not block the membrane surface nor provide stagnant regions where solids can accumulate or where the concen-

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This report describes the procedures and data sources used to develop an energy-consumption and system-cost data base for use in predicting the market penetration of phosphoric acid fuel cell total-energy systems in the nonindustrial building market. A computer program was used to simulate the hourly energy requirements of six types of buildings-office buildings, retail stores, hotels and motels, schools, hospitals, and multifamily residences. The simulations were donP. hy u~ing hourly weacher tapes for one city in each of the ten Department of Energy administrative regions. Two types of building construction were considered, one. for existing buildings and one for new buildings. A fuel cell system combined with electrically driven heat pumps and one combined with a gas boiler and an electri.cally driven chiller were compared with similar conventional systems. The methods of system simulation, component sizing, and system cost escimation are described for each system. The systems were .simulated for a single building size for each building type. Methods were developed to extrapolate the system cost

Axial velocities greater than 10-15 ft/sec were shown to ameliorate flux decline when using hyperfiltration to treat primary sewage plant effluent with cellulose acetate membranes having initial (*/2 hr after startup) fluxes of 40-150 gal/ft2• day. For axial velocities from 4 to 30 ft/sec, the flux decline parameter b[b = -( log flux/ log time)] was proportional to the square root of the initial flux. When the axial velocity was greater than the critical value of 1 0-1 5 ft/sec the value of b was <0.1 5. At lower values of axial velocity, the value of b was substantially larger.Recent studies show that hyperfiltration (reverse osmosis) has considerable promise for reclamation of water from sewage plant effluents (

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