Abstractα‐Sulfonated fatty acid esters, because of their wide‐range of application and biological properties, represent an interesting class of surfactants. A technical method for the preparation of α‐sulfonated fatty acid esters is described. By using special reaction conditions it is possible to α‐sulfonate saturated fatty esters directly without the use of solvents. The use of gaseous SO3 gives the product in greater than 97% yield. A process for the bleaching of the α‐sulfonated fatty esters has been developed, whereby a product of faultless color is produced without the necessity of further purification or separation techniques. The sulfonation and bleaching processes operate continuously. The process has been tried successfully on a commercial scale using the methyl esters of technical fatty acids. Methods for the preparation of α‐sulfonated fatty acids are given. The chemical, technical, and biological properties of the α‐sulfonated fatty acids and their esters are discussed. α‐Sulfonated fatty esters possess good washing and foaming properties, have good biological degradability, possess good skin compatibility and low acute toxicity. They can be considered as surfactant components for phosphate‐free or low‐phosphate detergents. α‐Sulfonated fatty acids and esters also possess other favorable technical properties which allow them to be used in cosmetics, as auxiliary agents in the production of fibers, plastics, and rubber, and in leather manufacture.
In the positron source of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC), the electron beam collides with a tungsten-rhenium target. As the beam passes into the material, thermal energy is created that heats the material to several hundred degrees centigrade on a time scale of nanoseconds. The heating of the material results in thermal stresses that may be large enough to cause material failure. The analyses calculate the thermal shock pressure and stress pulses as they move throughout the material due to the rapid energy deposition. Failure of the target occurred after three years of operation with an elevated power deposition toward the end of the three years. The calculations were made with the LLNL coupled heat transfer and dynamic solid mechanics analysis codes, TOPAZ3D and DYNA3D, and the thermal energy deposition was calculated with the SLAC Electron Gamma Shower (EGS) code simulating the electron-induced cascade. Material fatigue strength, experimentally measured properties for the non-irradiated and irradiated material, as well as the calculated stress state are evaluated in assessing the cause for the target failure.
Produkte der Fettchemie finden weiteste Anwendung in allen Zweigen von Industrie und Handwerk. Die Anwendungsgebiete werden bestimmt von der Art der Fettsäuren, die als Rohstoff verfügbar sind. Es wird gezeigt, daß die C18‐Kettenlänge vorherrschend ist. Die häufigsten Fettsäuren sind Öl‐und Linolsäure. Die für die größten Anwendungsgebiete so wichtige Laurinsäure stellt einen nur geringen Anteil am Welt‐Fettangebot. Aus der relativen Einförmigkeit des Fettsäurespektrums der Naturfette wird die Hinwendung zu Rohstoffalternativen begründet Darüber hinaus ergab sich aus der Sonderstellung des Kokosöls ein wirtschaftlicher Anreiz. Es wird eine Übersicht gegeben über verschiedene Herstellmöglichkeiten und Verfahren für Produkte der Fettchemie, die von fettchemischen und petrochemischen Rohstoffen ausgehen. Die weitere Entwicklung läßt erwarten, daß die landwirtschaftliche Öl‐ und Fettproduktion wesentliche Verbesserungen erfährt, sowohl durch Ertragssteigerung als auch durch züchterische Veränderungen der Fette. Langfristig kann angenommen werden, daß das Angebot an Naturfetten nicht nur vergrößert, sondern auch durch neue Fettsäurezusammensetzungen verbreitert wird. Petrochemische Verfahren können auch in Zukunft gute Chancen haben. Fettchemische und petrochemische Rohstoffe können sich gut ergänzen und damit die Palette fettchemischer Produkte bereichern.
Es wurde ein Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen u-Sulfonierung \on Estern gesattigter Fettsauren mit SO, ausgearbeitet und ein spezielles Bleichverfahren fur diese Produkte entwickelt. Der Umsatz, also der Sulfoniergrad, liegt bei 95-99 o/o. Losungsmittel, weitere Verarbeitungsstufen oder Reinigungsoperationen zur Abtrennung von Nebenprodukten sind nicht erforderlich. Preparation of Esters of a-Sulfo-Fatty AcidsA process for the continuous a-sulfonation of saturated fatty acid esters with SO, was worked out and a special bleaching process was developed for these products. The conversion, i. e. the degree of sulfonation is of the order of 95-99"/0. Solvents, further processing steps or purification operations for the separation of by-products are not required.
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