This report extends an earlier characterization of long-duration and short-duration energy storage technologies to include life-cycle cost analysis. Energy storage technologies were examined for three application categories-bulk energy storage, distributed generation, and power quality-with significant variations in discharge time and storage capacity. More than 20 different technologies were considered and figures of merit were investigated including capital cost, operation and maintenance, efficiency, parasitic losses, and replacement costs. Results are presented in terms of levelized annual cost, $/kW-yr. The cost of delivered energy, cents/kWh, is also presented for some cases. The major study variable was the duration of storage available for discharge.

This study seeks to exploit the high magnetic field environment of a clinical MRI scanner and demonstrate the technical feasibility of developing a catheter whose tip can be remotely oriented within the magnetic field by applying a DC current to a coil wound around the catheter tip to generate a magnetic moment and consequent deflection. To achieve arbitrary three-dimensional deflections, a three-axis coil was wound on a 1.5 Fr cylindrical catheter. By applying DC currents in the 100 mA range, this catheter was successfully guided through a 3D phantom maze, mimicking the vasculature, under MR imaging guidance. Feasibility was demonstrated that the strong ambient magnetic field of the MR scanner offers a special opportunity to develop simple devices that can be remotely steered to sites of clinical interest.

There is universal agreement between the United Nations and governments from the richest to the poorest nations that humanity faces unprecedented global challenges relating to sustainable energy, clean water, low-emission transportation, coping with climate change and natural disasters, and reclaiming use of land. We have invited researchers from a range of eclectic research areas to provide a Roadmap of how superconducting technologies could address these major challenges confronting humanity.Superconductivity has, over the century since its discovery by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911, promised to provide solutions to many challenges. So far, most superconducting technologies are esoteric systems that are used in laboratories and hospitals. Large science projects have long appreciated the ability of superconductivity to efficiently create high magnetic fields that are otherwise very costly to achieve with ordinary materials. The most successful applications outside of large science are high-field magnets for magnetic resonance imaging, laboratory

ADSTRACfRecent programmatic developments in Superconduclillg Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) have prompted renewed and widespread interest in this field. In mid 1987 the Defense Nuclear Agency, acting for the Strategic Defense Initiative Office issued a request for proposals for the design and construction of SMES Engineering Test Model (ETM). Two teams, one led by Bechtel and the other by Ebasco, are now engaged in the first phase of the development of a 10 to 20 MWhr ETM. This report presents the rationale for energy storage on utility systems, describes the general technology of SMES, and explains the chronological development of the technology. 111e present ETM program is outl ined; details of the two projects for ETM development are described in other papers in these proceedings. The impact of high Tc materials on SMES is discussed.

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