Summary This study aims to describe and compare the gender-specific prevalence of chlamydia and gonorrhea, sexual behaviors and experiences, and risk factors associated with STIs among migrants vs. rural as well as urban residents in China. Data were abstracted from the Chinese Health and Family Life Survey conducted from 1999 to 2000 which provided a nationally representative adult (ages 20 to 64) sample. STI results were determined using a urine-based technology. Of the samples, the prevalence of chlamydia for migrant women was triple that of rural non-migrant women. Migrants were more likely to engage in STI-associated risk behaviors than non-migrants (e.g., receiving money for sex). Being female was a significant risk factor of STIs among migrants. The high STI prevalence among migrants highlighted the urgent need to implement comprehensive sexual behavior prevention and intervention programs targeting the cultural, social and structural needs for migrants in the city, especially female migrants.

Both spatial and temporal analysis on CEUS can accurately assess IPN. Combining them provides better IPN assessment and may be useful for plaque vulnerability evaluation and risk stratification.

Aims:  To determine Legionella pollution prevalence, describe the amount of Legionellae with respect to temperature in Shanghai cooling tower water (CTWs) in various types of public sites. Methods and Results:  Six urban districts were selected as the study fields, adopting multiple‐phase sampling methods. Routine culture was used to identify Legionellae. Of the samples, 58·9% (189/321) were observed to be positive, 19·9% were isolated over 100 CFU ml−1. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was the most frequently isolated species (155/189, 82·0%), followed by Leg. micdadei that was at the second place (44/189, 23·3%). The mean CFU ml−1 of Legionellae in CTWs reached its peak from July to September. Over all 15·4% of the samples exceeding 100 CFU ml−1 were observed in a hospital setting. Conclusions:  The prevalence of Legionella pollution in CTWs, especially in CTWs of subway stations and hospitals, is worrying, and the positive rate and CFU ml−1 of Legionellae in CTWs have a close relationship with air temperature. Significance and Impact of the Study:  The study demonstrates pollution prevalence rates in different types of sites and various seasons, and provides a proportion of different serogroups of Legionellae. It illuminates an urgent need for dealing with the potential risk of legionellosis in Shanghai, through improved control and prevention strategies.