'H NMR, DSC and UV studies of DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) vesicles have demonstrated the favourable physicochemical properties of the transmembrane phospholipid probes 1 a and 1 b for membrane topographical studies. In particular, in the presence of a physiological amount of cholesterol, only one transmembrane conformation is observed. The use of 1 a and cholesterol together for photolabelling experiments in DMPC vesicles led to a re-the myristoyl chains functionalized at markable improvement in the regioselec-C 11, C 12 and C 13 made up 95 % of the tivity of cross-linking between 1 a and total photolabelled myristates, and DMPC, and between 1 a and cholesterol : cholesterol was principally functionalized at the C 25 position on the side-chain. This indicates the formation of a highly ordered bilayer structure and proves directly the orientation of cholesterol perpendicular to the membrane plane with its chain terminal buried in the middle of the bilayer.
The plant sterols sitosterol and stigmasterol exert very different effects on plant model membranes, the first one being a "reinforcer" like cholesterol, the second one not. 25-(2)H-Stigmasterol has been synthesized by coupling of the 22-aldehyde derived from stigmasterol by ozonolysis, with the proper sulfone labeled in position 25. The configuration of the ethyl side chain at C-24 was controlled by separation of the diastereomers introduced via a chiral sulfoxide. This synthetic scheme allowed the introduction of a labeled side chain in plant sterols in eight steps for stigmasterol and nine for sitosterol (overall yield ca. 15%). Using both diastereomers, the 24-epimers of sitosterol (clionasterol) and stigmasterol (poriferasterol) have also been synthesized. Deuterium NMR on oriented lipid bilayers made of soybean phosphatidylcholine and containing these four labeled plant sterols clearly reveals the difference of orientation and mobility of the four side chains.
Introduction Firearm injury prevention discussions with emergency department (ED) patients provide a unique opportunity to prevent death and injury in high-risk patient groups. Building mutual understanding of safe firearm practices between patients and providers will aid the development of effective interventions. Examining ED patient baseline characteristics, perspectives on healthcare-based safety discussions, and experience with and access to firearms, will allow practitioners to craft more effective messaging and interventions. Methods Using an institutional review board-approved cross-sectional survey modified from a validated national instrument, we recruited 625 patients from three large, urban, academically affiliated EDs in the South to assess patient baseline characteristics, perspectives regarding firearms and firearm safety discussions, and prior violence history, as well as firearm access and safety habits. We compared the degree to which patients were open to discussions regarding firearms across a variety of provider types and clinical scenarios between those with and without gun access. Results Of the 625 patients consented and eligible for the study, 306 had access to firearms. The patients with firearm access were predominantly male, were more likely to have military experience, live in an urban or suburban region, and have experienced prior violence when compared to those without firearm access. Patients with and without gun access view firearm safety discussions with their healthcare provider as acceptable and analogous to other behavioral health interventions (i.e., helmet/seat belt use, alcohol/cigarette use). Patients were also accepting of these firearm safety discussions in many clinical contexts and led by multiple provider types. Of the patients with gun access, storage of each type of firearm was reviewed and the primary reason for ownership was for personal protection across all firearm types. Conclusion Patients in the ED indicate openness to firearm safety discussions delivered by a variety of providers and in diverse clinical scenarios. Healthcare providers engaging firearm owners in appropriate risk-benefit discussions using a trauma-informed approach is a critical next step in research and intervention.
The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. and the yellow solid purified by sublimation. The bright yellow solid with characteristic odor decomposes in solution. Yield 75.7%; m.p. 65 C ; 1R (KBr): i,[cm-'l = 2206 ( C z N ) , 1146. 1113 (S=O); UV'VIS (CH,CN): i,,, [nm] = 340.8. 226.5, 209.0; after 24 h: 339.4. 274.8. 209.7; ' H N M R (250 MHz. CCI,, ext. standard D,O): 6 = 8.25 (d). 7.60(m): '"CNMR (63 MHz, CCI,, ext. standard D,O): 6 = 111.71 (CN).
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