A483 (75 patients each). The 75 patients on our intervention group were educated by the Pharmacist on diabetes and hypertension, their complications, risks, preventive measures and management. This was done at least six times during the study period unlike the control group who received no such education. In particular, they were counseled on the need for medication and treatment adherence such as clinic visits, and life style modifications including diet and exercise. Outcome measure included changes in fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI) and adherence to instructions. Results: There were no statistical differences between the baseline and 6 months data of the control group as mean fasting blood sugar were 162.2 ± 69.1 and 159.9 ±57.2 (P= 0.825) and mean systolic blood pressure of 144.7 ± 23.8 and 145.5±18.6 (P= 0.819) respectively. The intervention group had mean fasting blood sugar of 156.7 ± 30.5 and 131.8± 40.4 (P< 0.001) and mean systolic blood pressure of 146.4 ± 13.9 and 133.8 ± 18.5 (P< 0.001) respectively. Adherence levels to medication taking in the groups were 42.7% : 94.7% respectively (P= 0.001). ConClusions: In diabetes management, patient education and counseling have become key tools in achieving both glycaemic and blood pressure control.

The primary objective of this study was to assess the influence of educational level on HIV knowledge, attitude and misperceptions that may act as barriers in HIV prevention. It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among pregnant women who came for antenatal clinic visits in a teaching hospital in Sagamu, a town in Ogun State, Nigeria. The age range of the respondents was 20-59 years. Age range 30-39 years accounted for the highest percentage (53.1%). Majority (76.7%) were of monogamous family. While 63% had tertiary education and above, 29.3% had secondary, 6.5% primary and a minor percentage (1.2%) had no formal education. Respondents with tertiary educational level had the major percentage (89%) of those who indicated that HIV/AIDS is caused by virus, highest percentage on the modes of HIV/AIDS prevention (avoid causal sex (77.6%), highest knowledge of mother to child transmission (during breast feeding (52%) and a better receptive attitude (willing to care for a HIV positive family member (87%,) towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) as compared to other respondents. Structured education in the form of health talks which could be delivered at their different educational levels should be targeted at pregnant women during clinic hours.

The incidence of HIV/AIDS infection within our society has gotten to an alarming proportion especially as it affects our youths, the group to which majority of our commercial motorcyclists belong. This prompted the need to assess the level of awareness, knowledge and preventive measures by these stakeholders towards HIV/AIDS in the face of cultural beliefs, habits and ignorance. A total number of 345 questionnaires containing well-structured questions relating to the subject matter were administered to commercial motorcyclists selected through purposive sampling technique at different locations in Lagos State. Majority (72.7%) of the respondents were of the age range 20-39 years, of polygamous families (74.5%), Moslems (65.5%), with secondary education (58.3%). All the respondents were aware of HIV/AIDS. Respondents identified virus (84.3%), bacteria (3.5%) and excessive drinking of alcohol (8.7%) as some of the causes of HIV/AIDS. Some ways of contacting it included penetrative sex (96.2%), sharing shaver blade (57.1%) and maternal transmission (48.7%). Cases of misconception abound. Respondents who indicated they sometimes use condom were 64.6%. Those who had no sexual partners apart from their wives were 70.7%. The men in this study only had high HIV/AIDS awareness and adequate knowledge in some areas, but lack such in other key areas and therefore do not possess sufficient knowledge to curtail the spread of this killer disease. Education and condom promotion should be part of every national AIDS control program.

Background- Virtual reality (VR) is an effective drug-free tool for management of pain. However, its use remains elusive in developing countries like Nigeria.Objectives: To characterize studies conducted on using virtual reality in managing pain. Methods: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted for studies done globally from 2000 to 2016. Databases (Google, Pubmed, BioMed Central, Mendeley) were searched to identify eligible studies. Search terms included: Virtual reality, Virtual patients, and management of pain using VR. Data extracted included: Title/authors of articles, objectives, study design, methods, population, age group, primary disease conditions, VR equipment, environments, display technology/ senses needed, country of study, effect of VR plus pharmacologic analgesia, and study outcomes. Results: Out of 3821 potentially relevant articles identified 24(0.63%) were eligible. Fourteen (58.3%) and 8(33.3%) studies were Randomized Control Trials, and Case Studies/Reports respectively. A total of 8(33.3%) and 3(12.5%) studies were on Burn pain and Phantom limb pain respectively. Seventeen (70.8%) studies had adults as target population. Thirteen (54.2%) studies were done in the USA, 19 (79.2%) were Immersive VR, 15(62.5%) had head mounted display as display technology, and 22 (91.67%) had positive outcomes. VR plus pharmacologic analgesia 8 (33.37%) had positive outcomes. No study was found for Nigeria. Conclusion: This review demonstrates wide range of characteristics for studies encountered and VR is shown as effective for reducing pain in different disease conditions even when combined with pharmacological analgesia. The absence of studies on management of pain using VR in Nigeria calls for creation of awareness among major stakeholders.