Preceding studies have demonstrated that periodontitis might increase the liability of adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth, preeclampsia, low birth weight, and perinatal fatality in pregnant women. Nonetheless, there is no convincing testimony that periodontitis is related directly to adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women. This systematic review intended to assess and review all the available randomized clinical trials that concentrated on the association between periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and the impact of periodontal disease therapy on adverse pregnancy outcomes. The databases like Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were consumed to explore relevant and suitable studies after adopting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search included articles with no time restrictions and certain keywords were utilized in the databases. The investigation was done through four independent reviewers employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Twenty-three studies fulfilled the exclusion and inclusion criteria and were used and included in this systematic review. The above-mentioned studies assessed the association between periodontal diseases and adverse pregnancy outcomes and the effect of periodontal disease treatment in reducing the influence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This systematic review revealed that there is a relationship between periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes, and periodontal treatment has a reducing impact on adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with periodontitis. Prospect studies are warranted to investigate the relationship between periodontitis and different adverse pregnancy outcomes and to decide the best type and the most effective therapy to treat periodontitis in pregnant women.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is linked to chronic gastritis, duodenal or gastric ulcers, and gastric cancer (GC). Because the oral cavity is the first component of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the entrance point for H. pylori, it has been proposed as a possible reservoir of H. pylori. As a result, a putative oral-oral transmission pathway of H. pylori poses the possibility of whether personal contact, such as kissing or sharing a meal, might trigger H. pylori transmission. As a result, several investigations have been done on this issue using various approaches for detecting H. pylori in oral and stomach samples. Furthermore, the relationship between H. pylori and gastrointestinal disorders has yet to be studied. The evidence for the association between H. pylori and gastric diseases and their complications is still a controversial subject due to the existing literature in this review. The goal of this comprehensive review was to collect all available published articles and critically evaluate existing investigations looking into the relationship between oral H. pylori contamination and the danger of gastric complications. Few studies indicated an association between H. pylori and gastric diseases. Furthermore, more longitudinal randomized clinical studies to further investigate the association between H. pylori and gastric diseases are warranted.

Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are recommended for various types of cancer. On the other hand, these ICIs may cause immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Lichen sclerosus (LS) and lichen planus (LP) are two distinct phenotypes of irAEs that occur in a subset of patients treated with ICIs. These adverse effects have a detrimental effect on the patient’s quality of life and treatment phases; however, the clinical evaluation and assessment of LS and LP remain uncertain. This study aims to assess and evaluate the risk of LS and LP associated with the use of ICIs via a systematic review of the literature and the USA FDA Adverse Events FAERS database. Method: The study searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, and Google Scholar for case reports on immune-checkpoint-inhibitor-associated lichen sclerosus and lichen planus published in English between inception and 31 December 2021. The FDA’s adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database was also analyzed. Results: Thirty-eight case reports and two retrospective studies with a total of 101 patients, in addition to the FAERS data, were evaluated. More cases involved lichen planus (78.9%) than lichen sclerosis (21%). Nivolumab and pembrolizumab were most frequently reported with LS and LP, among other ICIs. Thirty-six out of thirty-eight patients with LS or LP experienced complete remission, while two patients experienced partial remission. Most of the cases had an excellent response to corticosteroids (92.1%), while the remainder had moderate (5.2%) and poor (2.6%) responses. Additionally, the reporting odds ratio (ROR) of the FAERS database indicated a favorable association for ICIs, the risk of LP, and LS. A stronger association was uniquely found between nivolumab and pembrolizumab. Conclusion: There have been published case reports for these adverse events. Healthcare providers should be aware of the possibility of lichen sclerosis and lichen planus developing in patients receiving ICIs which could necessitate hospitalization or discontinuation. Regulatory agencies are advised to monitor the risks as a potential safety signal.

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Childhood obesity has become a notable health concern in the world. According to American Medical Association (AMA), obesity is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m2. Childhood obesity is classified into three main categories, polygenic obesity, which is the most common form; followed by monogenic obesity, which is rare; and non-syndromic obesity. The management of childhood obesity is complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach. For monogenic obesity, several treatment options have been investigated. Long-term body weight maintenance is challenging. This review aimed to provide an overview of monogenic obesity, its mechanisms, evaluation, and treatment options. Monogenic forms of childhood obesity are rare. However, early diagnosis using whole-exome sequencing is needed to identify the causes of obesity and its associated anomalies for subsequent treatment. In addition, the early initiation of a multidisciplinary management approach is essential to prevent long-term morbidity and mortality. Several new treatment options have recently emerged, which could, in combination with lifestyle modifications, provide a favorable outcome for patients with non-syndromic forms of obesity.