No abstract

Background Having a minimum number of workers in medical services is widely regarded as a key component of disease prevention. However, with the delay in confirming cases of SARS-CoV-2, the understaffed medical providers informed late and the virus has rapidly spread nationally. Methods This study, based on the Dempster-Shafer theory method and Evidential Reasoning, assesses the risks posed by understaffing for the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Results The findings examine six (6) factor risks and show that the understaffing risk in 2019 was 0.14% in magnitude in Wuhan, compared to 0.27% in Shenzhen. When ranking understaffing risks from low to high, the findings show that they increased from 3.979 to 3.983% and from 3.998 to 4.002% in Wuhan and Shenzhen, respectively. Conclusions We first conclude that from the SARS-CoV-1 to the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, understaffing risk equally increased at 0.004% in both cities. However, Shenzhen city is at a higher risk than Wuhan city. Second, Shenzhen understaffing delayed SARS-CoV-2 outbreak prevention 0.13% more than Wuhan city. We generally conclude that Shenzhen city could be doubly worse off than Wuhan city if it was the epicenter of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Therefore, public health care training and employment policy must be optimized to complete the lack not only in both cities but also in other cities to prevent future outbreaks.

Scholars demonstrated the importance of house planners in the creation of environmentally friendly homes. Despite the lack of broad agreement on the type of freehold estate that could reduce urban sprawl, the authors agree on the role of government and developers in housing planning and construction. According to a recent study, the government and developers are investing in freehold estates to promote sustainable urban growth. However, this study employs urban growth theories to explain the policy's success.First, we examine the rate of urban growth and the trends in urban sprawl. The affordability of ground-floor and three-story buildings is then assessed. The findings show that 19.36 square kilometers of built-up area contributed to land use expansion in Abomey-Calavi, Benin Republic, between 1974 and 2015, and four districts are at higher risk of environmental degradation. To mitigate this, three-story buildings could be inclusive and improve efficient land use, thereby limiting urban sprawl.

Even though experts had been monitoring infrastructure quality previous to the COVID-19 epidemic, they had not normally widely highlighted the importance of constructing high-quality infrastructure. The lifespan of a structure is a significant consideration in evaluating how long it will last. This, however, necessitates a reevaluation of infrastructure durability to promote more sustainable growth. Based on these facts, this paper presents a method for measuring building durability utilizing structure deformation effects. The findings indicate that building durability will be acceptable in cities if building deformations in the serviceability state (SLS) do not exceed those of the ultimate limit state (ULS).

Sustainable city growth necessitates sound political decisions. Owing to ineffective policies, the land price increments have had a significant impact on immigration settlements. Scholars have studied city immigrant settlements without mentioning rising land prices as a major driver of illegal settlements. This study explores the influence of the long-term increase in land prices on immigrant settlement, by employing a panel cointegration model and the city-level panel data of Abomey-Calavi from 1992 to 2012. Increments in land prices are found to be correlated with both internal and external immigrants. Rising land prices hamper formal immigrant settlement. City growth may suffer significantly as the number of immigrants may double by 2030. However, implementing a novel land banking policy in urban planning, may help control land price spikes and limit illegal settlements. The findings advocate for a discussion on affordable land prices at the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG11) summit.