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This paper presents the development of composite beams, which consist of hybrid carbon and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) I-beams and precast, ultra-high-performance, fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) slabs. Hybrid FRPs (HFRPs) provide the advantage of high resistance to corrosion, while UHPFRC has great strength and durability. The combination of these two materials is expected to benefit structures subjected to severe environmental conditions and to respond to the need for accelerated bridge construction. Three full-scale composite beams with varied UHPFRC slab width were tested under four-point flexural loading. Bolt shear connectors with and without epoxy bonding were used in the tested beams. The bolt shear connectors and epoxy were used to resist the horizontal shear flow at the interface between the HFRP I-beam and the UHPFRC slab. The composite action between the HFRP I-beam and UHPFRC slab was investigated. The test results showed that all of the composite beams exhibited significant improvements in stiffness and strength properties, above those of single HFRP I-beams without a UHPFRC slab. A fiber model was developed to predict the strength and stiffness of the composite beam, and the model accuracy was verified. Good agreement was found between the experimental and analytical results. The high tensile strength of a carbon FRP in an HFRP tensile flange could be used effectively, and the delamination failure of an HFRP compressive flange could be prevented through the addition of a UHPFRC slab on the top flange of the HFRP I-beam. The study revealed that HFRP–UHPFRC beams were efficient and could provide a competitive, cost-effective, and sustainable solution to bridge structures.