Background: Pemphigus is a series of autoimmune skin disorders caused by IgG. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subset of CD4+ T cells that mostly block pathogenic immune responses mediated by self-reactive cells; therefore, a lack of Tregs or a malfunction in their activity could lead to a loss of tolerance and the development of autoimmunity. Aims: To evaluate the expression of lesional and perilesional Treg markers (CD 4 + CD 25 + bright FOXP 3 + ) in pemphigus patients. Patients and methods: Twenty-three pemphigus patients and 20 healthy controls were included in this study. The expression of CD 4 , CD 25, and Foxp 3 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry.Results: There was statistically significant increase in CD4+ T lymphocytes in lesional skin of pemphigus compared to perilesional skin and control group (p-value: 0.001).There was statistically significant decrease in CD25 + and Foxp3 + cells in lesional skin compared to perilesional and control group (p-value: <0.001, 0.025, respectively). Conclusion:The reduction of lesional skin Tregs may play an important role in the pemphigus pathogenesis.

BackgroundAlopecia areata (AA) is a common disease characterized by hair loss with an autoimmune background. There are many lines of therapy, but no standard line for all cases. Consequently, treating severe forms of AA is challenging.ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of the combination of diphenylcyclopropenone (DPCP) and platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) with DPCP alone in treating patients with severe or refractory AA.Patients and methodsOur randomized clinical trial was conducted on patients with severe and recalcitrant AA. Group A included 13 patients who received only DPCP, while Group B included 11 patients who received both DPCP and PRP. After sensitization in both groups of patients, DPCP was applied to half the scalp weekly. In addition, PRP injection in all scalp was performed once a month in group B. The patients in both groups completed the study for six months.ResultsThe regrowth scale results were 53.85% and 54.5% for groups A and B, respectively. Although the response rate of group B was higher than that of group A, there is no statistically significant difference between the two groups.ConclusionFrom our clinical trial, it can be concluded that DPCP alone or combined with PRP is an effective and safe method for treating severe or recalcitrant AA.