No abstract

The environmental impact of using large electrical generators in the University of Technology in Iraq is studied. These generators are utilised due to the lack of electricity from the national grid. The emissions are very high and exceed the acceptable limits set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the World Health Organization and Iraqi Standard No. 4950. The impact of switching to the use of photovoltaic cell systems, as what is done in the Energy and Renewable Energies Technology Center (ERETC), and the environmental impact of this transformation are also studied. Results show that when the generators are used, high concentrations of PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 are released, exposing students and staff to health hazards. The amounts of pollutants from SO2, H2S, NOx and volatile organic compounds are high due to the high sulphur content in Iraqi diesel fuel. Generator noise is extremely high that it could pose serious health risks to university staff and students. Furthermore, using the photovoltaic system considerably reduces PM1.0 and PM2.5 concentrations by 85.6% and 52.4%, respectively. The levels of CO2, CO, H2S and SO2 decrease by 60.5%, 49.6%, 91.7% and 95.3%, respectively. The noise inside ERETC is reduced by 29% compared with that in the external environment. Shifting towards the generation of photovoltaic electricity instead of using fossil fuel generators provides an immediate and appropriate treatment of Iraqi atmospheric pollution.

The Iraq air is polluted highly by pollutants emitted from automobiles and trucks as well as power stations. This pollution resource is well known it is the burning of oil and natural gas. Iraq has been subjected to a series of wars and economic blockade for more than 40 continuing years. The war and blockade conditions have affected all the country's infrastructure causing huge deterioration in the services provided to Iraqi citizens. The Iraqi refineries as well have been subjected to major destruction and reconstruction several times. Unfortunately, the reconstruction in Iraq conditions was not in appropriate level, and for that reason we find the Iraqi gasoline and diesel are one of the worst fuels in the world. All reports demonstrated that the Iraqi gasoline contains high levels of sulfur (500ppm), as well as high levels of lead compounds to increase octane. The Iraqi diesel contains sulfur up to 1 to 2.5% of its weight which makes it the worst globally.In Iraq there are many alternative fuels that generate better engine performance and emit lower exhaust pollutants while improving fuel consumption. This paper reviews some of the Iraqi experimental work during the past ten years and the available results about using gaseous fuels such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and hydrogen. In addition, the study focus on the use of some additives to gasoline and diesel, such as alcohols and biofuels to reduce the effects of sulfur associated with these types of fuel. The Iraqi research works have found many solutions and alternative methods of operation to eliminate the various engines emitted pollutants. The role has now come to the decision makers to legislate the laws and decisions necessary to switch to new types of alternative fuels.

The Iraq air is polluted highly by pollutants emitted from automobiles and trucks as well as power stations. This pollution resource is well known it is the burning of oil and natural gas. Iraq has been subjected to a series of wars and economic blockade for more than 40 continuing years. The war and blockade conditions have affected all the country's infrastructure causing huge deterioration in the services provided to Iraqi citizens. The Iraqi refineries as well have been subjected to major destruction and reconstruction several times. Unfortunately, the reconstruction in Iraq conditions was not in appropriate level, and for that reason we find the Iraqi gasoline and diesel are one of the worst fuels in the world. All reports demonstrated that the Iraqi gasoline contains high levels of sulfur (500ppm), as well as high levels of lead compounds to increase octane. The Iraqi diesel contains sulfur up to 1 to 2.5% of its weight which makes it the worst globally.In Iraq there are many alternative fuels that generate better engine performance and emit lower exhaust pollutants while improving fuel consumption. This paper reviews some of the Iraqi experimental work during the past ten years and the available results about using gaseous fuels such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and hydrogen. In addition, the study focus on the use of some additives to gasoline and diesel, such as alcohols and biofuels to reduce the effects of sulfur associated with these types of fuel. The Iraqi research works have found many solutions and alternative methods of operation to eliminate the various engines emitted pollutants. The role has now come to the decision makers to legislate the laws and decisions necessary to switch to new types of alternative fuels.

This paper describes the use of microcomputer as a laboratory instrument system. The system is focused on three weather variables measurement, are temperature, wind speed, and wind direction. This instrument is a type of data acquisition system; in this paper we deal with the design and implementation of data acquisition system based on personal computer (Pentium) using Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)bus. The design of this system involves mainly a hardware implementation, and the software programs that are used for testing, measuring and control. The system can be used to display the required information that can be transferred and processed from the external field to the system. A visual basic language with Microsoft foundation classes (MFC) is the fundamental tool for windows programming. It has been used to build a Man-Machine Interface (MMI), which was used for processing and monitoring acquisition data from environment weather.