The electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) provides a sustainable route for NH3 synthesis. However, the process is plagued by the strong NN triple bond and high reaction barrier. Modification of catalyst surface to increase N2 adsorption and activation is crucial. Herein, copper nanoparticles are loaded on the oxygen‐deficient TiO2, which exhibits an enhanced NRR performance with NH3 yield of 13.6 µg mgcat−1 h−1 at −0.5 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and Faradaic efficiency of 17.9% at −0.4 V versus RHE compared to the pristine TiO2. The enhanced performance is ascribed to the higher electrochemically active surface area, promoted electron transfer, and increased electron density originated from the strong metal‐support interaction (SMSI) between Cu nanoparticles and oxygen‐deficient TiO2. The SMSI effect also results in lopsided local charge distribution, which polarizes the adsorbed N2 molecules for better activation. This work provides a facile strategy toward the electrocatalyst design for efficient NRR under ambient conditions.

Ammonia (NH 3 ) plays a vital role in the fertilizer industry, nitrogen-containing chemical production, and hydrogen storage. The development of electrocatalytic and photo(electro)catalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to synthesize NH 3 are desirable, which are more environmentally friendly than the conventional Haber-Bosch process. Due to the strong nonpolar bonding of the NN bond, the discovery of efficient catalysts is essential to overcome the high kinetic barrier. Here, bismuth-based materials that show proven activities for NRR are highlighted. The fundamental knowledge, including thermodynamics, mechanisms, reaction systems, evaluation aspects of NRR, and product quantification, is introduced. Together with scientific reasoning and exhibited activities, the strategies for improving the performance are discussed in detail. Perspective and outlook, as well as the opportunities to further develop bismuthbased materials for NH 3 synthesis, are provided. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the advancement in this field and serves as a guide for the future design of highly efficient NRR catalysts.

AbstrakLimbah laundry merupakan salah satu limbah yang dapat mencemari lingkungan dan berdampak buruk bagi manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menurunkan kadar surfaktan anionik (deterjen) dan fosfat yang terdapat dalam air limbah laundry di kawasan Keputih, Surabaya dengan menggunakan karbon aktif. Penurunan kadar surfaktan anionik dan fosfat menggunakan karbon waktif dengan variasi ukuran partikel yakni -60, -120 dan -200 mesh. Proses adsorpsi dilakukan dengan metode batch. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa kadar surfaktan anionik pada limbah sebelum adsorpsi sebesar 10,65 ppm dan kadar fosfat sebesar 14,148 ppm. Kedua nilai tersebut berada diluar ambang batas yang ditetapkan pemerintah sebesar 100 ppm. Uji adsorpsi menunjukkan bahwa karbon aktif mampu menurunkan kadar surfaktan anionik dan fosfat secara signifikan. Kadar surfaktan anionik terendah setalah adsorpsi mencapai 3.102 ppm yang dihasilkan dari karbon aktif berukuran -200 mesh. Adsorpsi surfaktan anionik mengikuti model adsorpsi isotermal Freundlich. Sementara itu, kadar fosfat tidak terdeteksi setelah proses adsorpsi. Secara umum, semakin kecil ukuran karbon aktif, semakin besar kapasitas adsorpsinya terhadap surfaktan anionik dan fosfat. AbstractWaste water from laundry industry is one of the waste water that can pollute the environment and harmful to humans. The aim of this research is to decrease the content of anionic surfactant (detergent) and phosphate contained in laundry waste water in Keputih area, Surabaya by using activated carbon. The decrease of anionic surfactnts and phosphate levels was carried out using activated carbon with particle size variations ie -60, -120 and -200 mesh. The adsorption process was done by batch method. The results showed that the anionic surfactant content of the waste water before adsorption was 10.65 ppm and the phosphate level was 14.148 ppm. Both values are beyond the government-set threshold of 100 ppm. The adsorption test showed that activated carbon was able to significantly decrease the content of the anionic and phosphate surfactants. The lowest anionic surfactant level after adsorption reaches 3,102 ppm produced from the 200-mesh activated carbon. Adsorption of anionic surfactants follows Freundlich's isothermal adsorption model. Meanwhile phosphate levels are not detected after the adsorption process. In

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Asymmetric dense and thin membranes have been prepared from powders of perovskite oxide-type CaTiO3 without cracking by phase inversion method. Polyetherimide was used as a polymeric binder in the method. The resulting green membranes, composed of CaTiO3 powder and polyetherimide binder, were sintered at 890, 1100 or 1200 °C. The crystal phase of CaTiO3 was analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The XRD pattern of the synthesized CaTiO3 powder was matched with the reference indicating the formation of CaTiO3 structure. Sintering at 890 °C fails to form a strong membrane. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images of the membranes showed that the membrane had the asymmetric structure with dense layer on one side and porous layer on the other side. The pores in the porous layer were both finger-like and sponge-like structure. The mechanical strength of the membranes, which were determined by Vickers micro hardness method, varied from 3.5 to 25.8 Hv. The strongest membrane without any crack was resulted from sintering at 1200°C with hardness values between 19.4 and 25.8 Hv. Thermal expansion coefficients of the asymmetric membranes sintered at 1100 and 1200 °C, measured with Thermomechanical Analyzer (TMA), were 10.82 × 10-6 and 12.78 × 10-6.C-1 respectively.