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In this paper we discuss the design of computer-based haptic graphs for blind and visually impaired people with the support of our preliminary experimental results. Since visual impairment makes data visualisation techniques inappropriate for blind people, we are developing a system which can make graphs accessible through haptic and audio media.The disparity between human haptic perception and the sensation simulated by force feedback devices is discussed. Our strategies to tackle technical difficulties posed by the limitations of force feedback devices are explained. Based on the results of experiments conducted on both blind and sighted people, we suggested two techniques: engraving and the use of texture to model curved lines on haptic graphs. Integration of surface property and auditory cues in our system are proposed to assist blind users in exploring haptic graphs.

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This paper introduces the development of a multimodal data visualisation system and its evaluations. This system is designed to improve blind and visually impaired people's access to graphs and tables. Force feedback, synthesized speech and non-speech audio are utilised to present graphical data to blind people. Through the combination of haptic and audio representations, users can explore virtual graphs rendered in a computer. Various types of graphs and tables have been implemented and a three-stage evaluation has been conducted. The experimental results have proven the usability of the system and the benefits of the multimodal approach. The paper presents the details of the development and experimental findings as well as the changes of role of haptics in the evaluation.

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