Diabetes mellitus is leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Most of them are due to its macro and microvascular complication. Objectives: To determine the accuracy of insulin injection technique in adult diabetic patients between age of 20 to 50 years on insulin therapy for ≥02 years. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Settings: Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Period: From March to August, 2016. Subjects: All diabetic patients between age 20 to 50 years and on insulin therapy for >02 years were enrolled in the current study. Material & Methods: A total of 260 diabetic patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria, visiting the emergency or medical OPD, who gave informed consent were enrolled. The patient′s knowledge was categorized as "Adequate" or "Inadequate" on the basis of his/her score. Data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 22 software. Results: The mean (±SD) age of all patients was 36.8 (± 8.5) years. Out of 260 patients, 150 (57.3%) patients were female and 138 (53.1%) lived in urban areas. Majority of patients, 141 (54.2%) received knowledge regarding insulin injection technique from doctors and 98(37.7%) received knowledge from family member or friend. Out of 260, 64 (24.6%) patients had adequate knowledge, while 196 (75.4%) patients had inadequate knowledge score. Conclusions: One quarter of the patients has adequate knowledge about insulin injection techniques. Based on our findings there is a need to conduct awareness campaigns at the community level to impart useful knowledge about diabetes and its various aspects like insulin injections techniques.

ABSTRACT: Objective: In this study the perceptive of undergraduate medical students regarding e-learning were explored in the MBBS students across various medical colleges in Pakistan during COVID pandemic. Study type, settings and duration: It was descriptive study conducted as multisite survey in medical students of Pakistan. The study was conducted from 1st October to 30th October 2020. Methodology: A questionnaire was developed and disseminated via what’s app to MBBS students of medical institutes in Pakistan. The data was cleaned and study sample was selected from ten medical colleges with maximum response rates. The responses of 10 students from each professional year were selected randomly for even distribution of students in the MBBS course. Out of 500 students, 492 students’ replied with valid data. The percentages of the responses were calculated and data was analyzed graphically. Results: The mean age of respondents was 22± 2.1. 64.4% of respondents were female and 43.6% male. Only 5 % of total students were of the opinion that online teaching was good substitute for learning than face to face sessions. 43% students responded that ZOOM software was major platform used for e-learning during lockdown. Internet connectivity was the major hurdle in e-learning and health issues in family (27%) was major stress factor. 31% students responded that online classes were not effective and 29 % responded that they were about 25 % effective while 21% were of the opinion that these were 50% effective as compared to face to face campus learning. Conclusion: The perception of medical students regarding online teaching was not promising in our study. Most of the indicators were negative.

Background: Vaccination against COVID-19 illness is mainstay of undertaking the pandemic. However, it has been frequently observed that many patients developed COVID-19 illness after vaccination. Aim: To find out the factors other than the “mere chance” affecting the development of COVID-19 illness after vaccination so to identify high risk population and to suggest modify their vaccinations accordingly. Study design: Descriptive, retrospective cohort study Place and duration of study: Falahee Foundation Clinics of Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad from 1st February 2021 to 31st July 2021. Methodology: Sixty health care workers (HCW) who got vaccinated were enrolled. Results: 34 (58.6%) were male and 26 (41.4%) were females with mean age of 42±8.3 years. Twenty (33.3%) HCWs developed post vaccination symptoms, 12 of them got their COVID-19 PCR done. Seven (58.33%) had positive PCR and 5 (41.66%)had negative PCR. Female gender and co-morbid conditions affected the post vaccination symptoms and positivity of PCR significantly. Conclusion: Female gender, hypothyroidism, hypertension and celiac disease patients proved high risk for vaccination in our limited cohort. So co-morbid condition need consideration regarding further inquiry and necessary vaccination modifications. Keywords: Factors, Co-morbid, Post-vaccination

We hereby report a rare case of a young child with Niemann-Pick disease who had multiple hospital admissions due to repeated gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections. The disease is overall quite rare in our population however, our case highlights the fact that in any young child with repeated infections of unknown etiology, this condition should be considered and evaluated.