Abstract. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (also known as liver cancer) is one of the most frequent cancers in humans. HCC is linked to chronic hepatitis B and C virus infection, cirrhosis, and excessive alcohol consumption. The aim of this study was to use Metaphase chromosome analysis in whole blood to determine chromosomal aberrations (CA) in HBV, HCV, and HCC patients. A cohort of 145 samples have been collected from participants  from the date of  5 \ 1 \ 2020 to  15\9\ 2021. Among those samples are (40 healthy controls, HBV 38, 44 HCV, and HCC 23) to make cytogenetic evaluation by observing the analysis of chromosome aberration. Our study showed that the chromosome aberration With Gap was higher in the HCC patient group followed by HBV patient group. also, the results showed that of the chromosome aberration without Gap in the HCC, and HCV patient groups were significantly higher in females than in males. the results showed that higher break, DIC was in HBV patients group followed by HCV patients group. the results showed that deletion, and ace were higher in the HCV and HCC patient group followed by HBV patient group. Finally with RO. Trans., the results showed that ace was higher in the HCV, and  HBV patient groups. In conclusion, we indicate that HBV, HCV, and HCC patients have chromosomal instability because of their chromosome aberration levels.

On somatic cells, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are mutagenic. HBV and HCV may be causing these mutagenesis effects via integrating into host DNA or by viral proteins. The purpose of this research was to investigate if HBV and HCV had a genotoxic effect on renal epithelial cells' DNA. A total of 145 samples were taken from participants between the periods of 5 \1 2020 and 15\9 2021. (40 healthy controls, HBV 38, 44 HCV, and HCC 23) were used to perform cytogenetic analysis in renal epithelial cells using the micronucleus (MNi) test and comet assay. For the comet experiment, 100 cells were examined for each participant. A total of 100 cells were examined, with MNi scores assigned to each participant. The frequency of MNi was found to be considerably greater in the HBV, HCV, and HCC patient groups than in the control group. There was no significant difference in MNi scores between the HBV, HCV, and HCC patient groups, however there was a significant difference between the study groups and healthy carriers. In conclusion:  due to their levels of DNA damage and MNi, chronic HBV, HCV, and HCC patients are afflicted by genomic instability much like other patients.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) have mutagenic effects on somatic cells. HBV and HCV may be showing these mutagenic effects through its viral proteins or through integrating into host DNA. The aim of this study was to determine whether HBV and HCV have a genotoxic effect on the DNA of oral epithelial cells. A cohort of 145 samples have been collected from participants  from the date of  5 \ 1 \ 2020 to  15\9\ 2021. Among those samples are (40 healthy controls, HBV 38, 44 HCV, and HCC 23) to make cytogenetic evaluation by observing the micronucleus (MNi) test and comet assay. For each individual, 100 cells were analyzed for comet assay. Around 100 cells were observed and MNi were scored for each individual. Our results showed significantly higher frequencies of MNi in HBV, HCV, and HCC patients groups than in the control group. There was no difference in MNi scores among HBV, HCV, HCC patients groups, and showed a significantly difference of study groups compared to healthy carriers. In conclusion:  chronic HBV, HCV, HCC patients have genomic instability as affected as patients because of their levels of DNA damage and MNi.