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Efficiently chemically modified adsorbents based upon palm fibers were prepared through chemical treatments of palm fibers by sulfuric acid (PF-AC), oxalic acid as a chelating agent (PF-Chel), HNO 3 as an oxidizing agent (PF-OX) and Na 2 SO 3 as a reducing agent (PF-Rd). The four produced adsorbents were applied for the removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from synthetic waste solutions. The removal capacity of all chemically modified adsorbents has been investigated through the batch tests to determine the optimum parameters for maximum removal. The kinetics and isotherm studies have been applied to identify the adsorption type. All data in this work has been used as determining factors to predict the adsorption process mechanism. The characterization of the surface of the chemically modified adsorbent [FTIR and SEM] was also studied as another contribution to proving the suggested adsorption mechanism. Experimental data were best fitted by Langmuir model while kinetic results were appropriately expressed by the pseudo-second-order model. The results demonstrated the highest capacity values of 56 and 33 mg/g using PF-Rd for both Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions, respectively. Throughout this study, PF-Rd and PF-OX achieved the maximum capacity with the adsorption of both heavy metals.

Alamein Marina water characteristics were complying with the standards set by Egyptian legislations concerning recreational water all over the study period. They were also complying with the levels set by different international organizations such as the WHO and Blue Flag. Besides, by calculating the water quality index for Alamein Marina Lagoon and its four sub-basins, water was found to be of an 'excellent' quality.

Electrocoagulation technique using aluminum electrodes in a batch bi-polar system was investigated to determine the efficiency of removing oil from oily wastewater. The Box–Behnken design was utilized to optimize conditions and the effects of four independent factors, including oil volume (X1), temperature (X2), initial pH (X3), and treatment time (X4),—were examined to investigate turbidity recovery and conductivity changes. The significant independent variables and their interactions were assessed using ANOVA. The optimal operating conditions for turbidity removal were obtained at an oil volume of 10 ml L−1, a temperature of 28 °C, an initial pH of 4, and a coagulation time of 90 min. The results revealed that turbidity removal and conductivity changes are enhanced significantly with increasing treatment time and decreasing oil volume. The application of the treatment process under optimal operating conditions allows promising removal efficiencies of 97.3%, and 73.4% for turbidity and conductivity, respectively. Also, the treated wastewater showed remarkable changes in removal efficiencies of the main oily wastewater pollution loads for COD, NO2, PO4, DO, and BOD. The economic study indicated that oily wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation is a very cost-effective technique.