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Background: CAD is a CVD that is the main reason for mortality worldwide. CAD is an inflammatory atherosclerotic disorder characterised by stable or unstable angina, sudden cardiac death or MI. Objective: Measuring the relationship between fQRS complex and CAD severity in CA cases. Patients and Methods: This research was conducted on 120 cases that performed coronary catheterization and with developed CAD. All cases underwent clinical examination, and 12-lead ECG. CA was performed using Philips machine under local anesthesia using seldinger technique.  Results: Our findings revealed highly significant correlation between prevalence of fQRS and SYNTAX score. There was statistically significant increased Syntax score in patients Inf. Notched R when compared Syntax score of patients without spikes in Inf. Notched R, statistically significant increased Syntax score in cases with non-Inf. Notched R when compared Syntax score of patients without non-Inf. Notched R statistically significant increased Syntax score in patients with Inf. Notched S compared with patients without Inf. Notched S. There was highly significant difference between prevalence of fQRS on admission and after PCI. Conclusion: fQRS complex is a simply assessed, noninvasive ECG parameter that predict the occurrence of significant CAD and validation of fQRS as Surveillance tool for CAD.

Background and aim Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and accounts for one-third of hospitalizations for rhythm disorders in the United States. This increasing burden of AF leads to a higher incidence of stroke. Aim The aim of the study is to assess the risk of thrombogenesis in patients with persistent nonvalvular AF by using transthoracic echocardiogram, transesophageal echocardiogram, and tissue Doppler imaging in relation to the risk of thromboembolism (CHA2DS2-VAS score). Patients and methods Selected 50 patients with persistent AF were included. All patients underwent echocardiography assessment at the echocardiography unit. Results Regarding spontaneous echocardiography contrast, there was a statistically significant difference among the three groups. Regarding left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus, there was a statistically significant difference among the three groups. Regarding left atial appendage flow velosity (LAAFV), there was an extremely statistically significant difference among the three groups. Regarding left atrial appendage wall velosity (LAAWV) by transthoracic echocardiogram, there was an extremely statistically significant difference among the three groups. Regarding LAAWV by transesophageal echocardiogram, there was an extremely statistically significant difference among the three groups. Conclusion Patients with clinical predictors of high risk included in the CHA2DS2-VASc score were associated with increased incidence of thrombus in the LAA. In patients with nonvalvular AF, the CHA2DS2-VASc score is recommended for assessment of stroke risk. There was a correlation between the development of thromboembolic events and high-risk CHA2DS2-VASc score, as high scores indicate increased thrombogenicity.

Background and aim Systemic hypertension (SH) causes a gradual increase in the mass of the left ventricle, resulting in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Derangement of LV function is caused by morphologic changes in the left ventricular (LV) walls, which result in hypertrophy. According to a recent meta-analysis, LVH raises the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim was to compare between hypertensive patients with LVH and hypertensive patients without LVH regarding LV function (by Simpson's method) and myocardial performance index (by Tissue Doppler echocardiography). Patients and methods The study included 40 selected hypertensive patients and 20 healthy participants undergoing echocardiographic assessment at the echocardiography unit. The patients were classified into two groups: group I included 20 normotensive healthy control, and group II included 40 hypertensive patients. Group II was further divided into two subgroups according to the absence or presence of echocardiographic signs of LVH: group IIa included 20 hypertensive patients without echocardiographic signs of LVH, and group IIb included 20 hypertensive patients with echocardiographic signs of LVH. Results Regarding systolic and diastolic blood pressures, there was an extremely statistically significant difference between the two groups. Regarding LV mass index, there was a highly statistically significant difference. However, LVMI in subgroup IIa was normal in comparison with subgroup IIb, with an extremely statistically significant difference. Regarding ejection fraction (EF%), there was an extremely statistically significant difference between the two groups. Regarding EF%, there was an extremely statistically significant difference between group I and group IIa. Regarding EF%, there was an extremely statistically significant difference between subgroup IIa and subgroup IIb. Regarding myocardial performance index, there was an extremely statistically significant difference between the two groups (0.36±3.2 in group I vs. 0.51±4.8 in group II). Conclusion First, SH causes a cascade of LV hemodynamic changes that can range from maladaptive hypertrophy to heart failure. Second, Tissue Doppler echocardiography appears to be able to differentiate between the many types and degrees of LV dysfunction in SH, as well as the various stages of the hypertensive disease process. Third, Myocyte apoptosis and collagen deposition in the interstitial space appear to be factors that favor the transition from LVH to heart failure.