Background Platelet α‐granule biogenesis in precursor megakaryocytes is critically dependent on VPS33B and VPS16B, as demonstrated by the platelet α‐granule deficiency seen in the rare multisystem disorder arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction, and cholestasis (ARC) syndrome associated with biallelic pathogenic variants in VPS33B and VIPAS39 (encoding VPS16B). VPS33B and VPS16B are ubiquitously expressed proteins that are known to interact and play key roles in protein sorting and trafficking between subcellular locations. However, there remain significant gaps in our knowledge of the nature of these interactions in primary cells from patients with ARC syndrome. Objectives To use primary cells from patients with ARC syndrome to better understand the interactions and roles of VPS33B and VPS16B in platelets and precursor megakaryocytes. Patients/methods The proband and his male sibling were clinically suspected to have ARC syndrome. Confirmatory genetic testing and platelet phenotyping, including electron microscopy and protein expression analysis, was performed with consent in a research setting. Results We describe the first case of ARC syndrome identified in Costa Rica, associated with a novel homozygous nonsense VPS33B variant that is linked with loss of expression of both VPS33B and VPS16B in platelets. Conclusion These results indicate that stable expression of VPS16B in platelets, their precursor megakaryocytes, and other cells is dependent on VPS33B. We suggest that systematic evaluation of primary cells from patients with a range of VPS33B and VIPAS39 variants would help to elucidate the interactions and functions of these proteins.
COVID-19 is a disease caused by the novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causing an acute respiratory disease that can eventually lead to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). An exacerbated inflammatory response is characteristic of SARS-CoV-2 infection, which leads to a cytokine release syndrome also known as cytokine storm associated with the severity of the disease. Considering the importance of this event in the immunopathology of COVID-19, this study analyses cytokine levels of hospitalized patients to identify cytokine profiles associated with severity and mortality. Using a machine learning approach, 3 clusters of COVID-19 hospitalized patients were created based on their cytokine profile. Significant differences in the mortality rate were found among the clusters, associated to different CXCL10/IL-38 ratio. The balance of a CXCL10 induced inflammation with an appropriate immune regulation mediated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-38 appears to generate the adequate immune context to overrule SARS-CoV-2 infection without creating a harmful inflammatory reaction. This study supports the concept that analyzing a single cytokine is insufficient to determine the outcome of a complex disease such as COVID-19, and different strategies incorporating bioinformatic analyses considering a broader immune profile represent a more robust alternative to predict the outcome of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Se reporta el caso de una paciente adulta, asintomática, sin historial familiar de anemia o enfermedades crónicas, atendida en el Laboratorio Clínico del Área de Salud de Aserrí que acude a control salud por seguimiento a tratamiento de anemia. Se revisa el histórico del expediente médico del propositus, donde se evidencia que el VCM por debajo del límite de referencia normal, hace incurrir al médico tratante en el error de asociar microcitosis con anemia ferropriva. Sin embargo, el Laboratorio Clìnico de Aserrí cuenta con un algoritmo de donde se deriva que los índices y la morfología obtenidos en este hemograma son sugestivos de Talasemia, por lo que se envía la muestra al Laboratorio de Estudios Especializados e Investigación del Hospital Nacional de Niños Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera para realizar una electroforesis de hemoglobina. En este análisis se detecta una variante de hemoglobina. A nuestro buen saber, no se ha descrito anteriomente un caso de doble heterocigota como el aquí mencionado, por lo que se reporta el primer caso en Costa Rica de un doble heterocigota hemoglobina New York/-3.7 Alfa Talasemia.
Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de pacientes con alfa-talasemia atendidos en un hospital nacional pediátrico. Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. Se estudia a 60 pacientes del Servicio de Hematología del Hospital Nacional de Niños “Dr. Carlos Sáenz Herrera”, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, del 1° de enero de 2018 al 31 de enero de 2019, cuyas edades están comprendidas entre los 0 meses y 12 años 11 meses de edad, con índices hematimétricos sugestivos de alfa-talasemia y con electroforesis de hemoglobina patrón AA con HbA2 normal o disminuida. Análisis molecular: identificación de 21 mutaciones y deleciones más frecuentes para el gen de alfa-globina: 3.7, 4.2, 20.5, MED, FIL, SEA, THAI, anti-3.7 triplicación, HbConstant Spring, HbQuonSze, Hb Adana, HbKoya Dora, HbIcara, HbPakse, a2 poli A-1/2, a2-cd142, a1-cd14, a2-init-cd, a2-cd19, a2-IVS1, a2-cd59. Se utiliza el método de amplificación por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa e hibridación inversa del ácido desoxirribonucleico genómico en leucocitos de sangre periférica de los pacientes. Resultados: Se confirma la enfermedad en 44/60 casos (73%). La edad media al diagnóstico para estos casos es de 4.9 años (desviación estándar 3.0), predominó el sexo femenino en 52.3% de los casos. La provincia de Guanacaste reportó la mayor prevalencia de la enfermedad. El defecto genético delecional -3.7 Kb es el genotipo más frecuente. El fenotipo en el 77.2% de los casos indicó portador silente de alfa-talasemia. El 84.1% de los sujetos positivos para alfa-talasemia correlacionó con hipocromía, microcitosis y eritrocitosis en el hemograma inicial. El 9% de los casos evidenció la coexistencia de alfa-talasemia y anemia por deficiencia de hierro. Conclusiones: Este estudio demuestra que los hallazgos de índices eritrocitarios que indiquen hipocromía y microcitosis con aumento del cómputo de eritrocitos, índices férricos normales y una electroforesis de hemoglobina con patrón normal (AA) sugieren ser estudiados molecularmente por alfa-talasemia. La electroforesis de hemoglobina reportada como normal no excluye la condición de alfa-talasemia y debe realizarse el estudio molecular.
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