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To gain a better understanding of the global application of soil erosion prediction models, we comprehensively reviewed relevant peer-reviewed research literature on soil-erosion modelling published between 1994 and 2017. We aimed to identify (i) the processes and models most frequently addressed in the literature, (ii) the regions within which models are primarily applied, (iii) the regions which remain unaddressed and why, and (iv) how frequently studies are conducted to validate/evaluate model outcomes relative to measured data. To perform this task, we combined the collective knowledge of 67 soil-erosion scientists from 25 countries. The resulting database, named ‘Global Applications of Soil Erosion Modelling Tracker (GASEMT)’, includes 3030 individual modelling records from 126 countries, encompassing all continents (except Antarctica). Out of the 8471 articles identified as potentially relevant, we reviewed 1697 appropriate articles and systematically evaluated and transferred 42 relevant attributes into the database. This GASEMT database provides comprehensive insights into the state-of-the-art of soil- erosion models and model applications worldwide. This database intends to support the upcoming country-based United Nations global soil-erosion assessment in addition to helping to inform soil erosion research priorities by building a foundation for future targeted, in-depth analyses. GASEMT is an open-source database available to the entire user-community to develop research, rectify errors, and make future expansions.

The mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway promotes cell growth in response to many cues, including amino acids, which act through the Rag GTPases to promote mTORC1 translocation to the lysosomal surface, its site of activation. Although progress has been made in identifying positive regulators of the Rags, it is unknown if negative factors also exist and whether they are mutated in cancer. Here, we identify GATOR as a complex that interacts with the Rags. GATOR is composed of two subcomplexes we call GATOR1 and 2. Its GATOR1 subunits have been implicated as tumor suppressors and their inhibition makes mTORC1 signaling insensitive to amino acid deprivation. In contrast, inhibition of GATOR2 subunits suppresses mTORC1 signaling, and epistasis analysis reveals that GATOR2 is an upstream negative regulator of GATOR1. Furthermore, the GATOR1 subcomplex has GTPase activating protein (GAP) activity for RagA and RagB, consistent with its inhibitory role in mTORC1 signaling. In cancer cell lines containing GATOR1 inactivating mutations, mTORC1 is hyperactive and resistant to amino acid regulation, and these cells are hypersensitive to rapamycin, an FDA‐approved mTORC1 inhibitor. Thus, we identify the GATOR complex as a critical regulator of the pathway that signals amino acid sufficiency to mTORC1 and reveal that, like other mTORC1 regulators, the Rags can be deregulated in cancer.

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