Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are associated with the response to neoadjuvent chemotherapy and prognosis in breast cancer. However, the distribution, interaction and prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating T cells, the main component of the tumor microenvironment, have seldom been reported. In the present study, surgical specimens of 72 breast cancer patients were analyzed. Tumor-infiltrating T cell subsets [cluster of differentiation (CD)4+T, CD8+T and regulatory T cells] and expression of their cytokines [interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-17] were evaluated by flow cytometry. These parameters together with The Cancer Genome Atlas database were used to demonstrate the distribution, interaction and prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating T cells in breast cancer. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were closely associated with histological grade (P=0.03), estrogen receptor status (P=0.006), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status (P=0.047) and molecular subtype in breast cancer (P=0.012). The gene expression of CD4, CD8A and forkhead box protein P3 in the tumor was increased compared with healthy breast tissue, and was positively associated with the prognosis of breast cancer patients. HER2+ and triple-negative breast cancer exhibited a significantly increased percentage of CD4+T cells (P=0.01) and regulatory T cells (P=0.035), and a decreased percentage of CD8+T cells (P=0.006) compared with the luminal subtype. Furthermore, the regulatory T cell number was positively correlated with CD8+T cell number in tumors (R=0.7, P=1.5×10−162) and significantly inhibited the cytokine secretion of T cells. These results reveal the distribution and interaction of tumor-infiltrating T cell subsets, and indicate that CD8+T cells and regulatory T cells may be used as reliable predictors of prognosis in breast cancer.

From English and Chinese periodicals published by missionaries, to Chinese and English periodicals published by the Chinese, China's medical periodicals have experienced a developmental process that is the outcome of the introduction of Western medicine into China, gradually replacing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), to become eventually the mainstream medicine. For half a century after the founding of People's Republic of China, Chinese medical periodicals focused on serving the planned economy, directed as they were by government policies on healthcare and publication. These periodicals scarcely entered the international sphere, and became typical regional publications. This article charts the interesting history of these developments. At the beginning of the 21st century, the growth of international medical exchange put Chinese medical periodicals in a difficult position: both good submissions and subscriptions are insufficient for viability. In today's multicultural world, the internationalization of Chinese medical periodicals can be accomplished by promoting the internationalization of TCM and regional medicine. The ability to ensure academic independence and control of their economic management are essential if these periodicals are to thrive.