BACKGROUND: The development of innovative approaches in drug analysis is a challenging task for medicine, pharmacy, and engineering sciences. For instance, requirement of proper dosage forms in releasing active ingredients is crucial. It is essential to analyze drugs in biological liquids for early diagnosis and treatment purposes. Drug analysis is also of great importance to control the quality of pharmaceutical products, test their efficacy, and develop novel drug formulation. The present review is aimed to highlight the most recent spectrophotometric approaches applied to analyze various classes of drugs in biological media and/or dosage forms. METHODS: As well as direct and derivative UV/UV–Vis spectrophotometry, combination of various techniques with spectrophotometry, such as injection analysis and chemometrics, has been most widely applied in the analysis of dosage forms. In addition, emerging technologies, such as UV imaging allowing to obtain the distribution of drug concentration in a time-resolved 2D images based on UV light absorption, utilization of nanotechnology, self-assembled nanomaterials, and aptamer-based nanoparticles have been gained interests to investigate drug assays and to quantify the proper drug release. RESULTS: Due to their high versatility, ease of application, low cost, and fast response, spectrophotometric methods are one of the most preferable methods providing high accuracy and precision with a wide linear range in drug analysis. CONCLUSION: Selected examples demonstrating the applicability of spectrophotometric methods in pharmaceutical assays in this review might contribute to the overall importance of the analytical test used in the modern pharmaceutical analysis.

This paper reported on the structural properties of Lithium-Barium borophosphate glasses. The glasses were prepared through melt quenching technique and studied in the compositional series which was 25Li2O:25BaO:(x)B2O3:(50-x)P2O5where 0x50 mol% .The aims of this work were to investigate the vibration mode about the local order around phosphorus tetrahedral structures and the boron coordination changed from trigonal to tetrahedral structures. Their basic properties were determined and their structure was studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy. Both spectroscopy analysis of the sample revealed vibration mode related to the characteristic phosphate bonds and borate bonds especially P-O-P, O-P-O ,P-O-B, BO3and BO4. Structural studies were devoted to the investigation of changes in boron coordination in the dependence on changes in B2O3or P2O5ratio in the borophosphate glasses. The decrease in the strength of the vibrations of the non-bridging PO2groups seems to indicate a progressive increase in the connectivity of the glass with increasing B2O3content. It was likely that this connectivity was due to the formation of P-O-B links at 890 cm-1, which replaced the vibration mode P-O-P. The increasing of B2O3content and decreasing the P2O5content causes the boron coordination changes from trigonal to tetrahedral and the basic units change from BO3to BO4. Overall, the high frequency bands corresponding to stretching vibration become broader, less distinct and overlap each other with an increasing B2O3content and decreasing P2O5content.

The mixed alkali borophosphate 25Li2CO3:25Ca2O3:30B2O3:20P2O5 glasses doped with 1 mol% of different transition metal ions were prepared and studied using photoluminescence techniques. The transition metal ions used included chromium, manganese and iron. Chromium doped glass exhibits a violet emission band at ̴ 316 nm and this band has been assigned to the transition of z6Dᵒ1/2 → a4P5/2. While manganese doped glass show a violet emission band at ̴ 408 nm which is assigned to z7Pᵒ4 → a5D4 and a red emission band at ̴ 632 nm which is assigned to the transition of z5Pᵒ3 → a5G6. Lastly, for the iron doped glass shows many emission bands along the visible range.

A series of Antimony Borate glass samples were investigated to determine the structural feature. The glass samples from the series of xSb2O3:(1-x)B2O3 with composition of 20≤x≤60 mol% and 0.6 Sb2O3:0.4B2O3:y with y is 0.01 mol% of Nb2O5, CuO, ZnO system have been prepared using melt-quenching technique. The structural properties of Sb2O3 host and the introduction of dopents onto the host sample has been investigated using Infrared and RAMAN Spectroscopy. The result of IR and Raman Spectroscopy revealed that the network structure of the studied glasses is mainly based on BO3 and BO4 units placed in different structural groups, the BO3 units being dominant. IR spectra obtained shows conversion of BO3 to BO4 units upon the introduction of Sb2O3 commonly known as boron anomaly effect. The glass network can be modified with the presence of Sb2O3 and activator ions. The significant behavior in Raman Spectra indicates the presence of boroxol groups consisting of pure BO3 groups and mixed BO3-BO4 structural units. This study shows that the vibrational spectroscopy (Infrared and Raman) provide useful method, and inter-complementary information about the structural properties of antimony modified borate glasses.

A system of borate based glass with different modifier but similar dopant was investigated to determine both the structural and photoluminescence properties. The glass sample from the series of x(M):(1-x)B2O3 where 0.2 ≤ x ≤0.7 mole% and M was Li2O and SrO, and the metaborate composition of glass was doped withMn¬¬2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions. The effect of the modifier towards the structural and photoluminescenceproperties in the glass samples was investigated using Fourier-Transfer Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Infrared spectrum revealed the traces of BO3 and BO4 units at different modifier and concentration. Significant changes in the host structure showed modification at specific region depending on the type of modifier.The photoluminescence of the samples were studied using the luminescence spectrophotometer. The samples were excited at different emission wavelength to compare the results. This study showed that with the introduce Mn2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions as activators within the host material enhancedphotoluminescence characteristic.