This paper attempts to provide some new understanding of the mechanical as well as thermal effects of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on the circulation and climate in Asia through diagnosis and numerical experiments. The air column over the TP descends in winter and ascends in summer and regulates the surface Asian monsoon flow. Sensible heating on the sloping lateral surfaces appears from the authors’ experiments to be the major driving source. The retarding and deflecting effects of the TP in winter generate an asymmetric dipole zonal-deviation circulation, with a large anticyclone gyre to the north and a cyclonic gyre to the south. Such a dipole deviation circulation enhances the cold outbreaks from the north over East Asia, results in a dry climate in south Asia and a moist climate over the Indochina peninsula and south China, and forms the persistent rainfall in early spring (PRES) in south China. In summer the TP heating generates a cyclonic spiral zonal-deviation circulation in the lower troposphere, which converges toward and rises over the TP. It is shown that because the TP is located east of the Eurasian continent, in summertime the meridional winds and vertical motions forced by the Eurasian continental-scale heating and the TP local heating are in phase over the eastern and central parts of the continent. The monsoon in East Asia and the dry climate in middle Asia are therefore intensified.

Abstract-In wireless ad hoc networks, without fixed infrastructures, virtual backbones are constructed and maintained to efficiently operate such networks. The Gabriel graph (GG) is one of widely used geometric structures for topology control in wireless ad hoc networks. If all nodes have the same maximal transmission radii, the length of the longest edge of the GG is the critical transmission radius such that the GG can be constructed by localized and distributed algorithms using only 1-hop neighbor information. In this paper, we assume a wireless ad hoc network is represented by a Poisson point process with mean n on a unit-area disk, and nodes have the same maximal transmission radii. We give three asymptotic results on the length of the longest edge of the GG. First, weshow that the ratio of the length of the longest edge to ffiffiffiffiffi ffi ln n n q is asymptotically almost surely equal to 2. Next, we show that for any , the expected number of GG edges whose lengths are at least 2 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi ln nþ n q is asymptotically equal to 2e À . This implies that ! 1 is an asymptotically almost sure sufficient condition for constructing the GG by 1-hop information. Last, we prove that the number of long edges is asymptotically Poisson with mean 2e À . Therefore, the probability of the event that the length of the longest edge is less than 2 ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ffi ln nþ n q is asymptotically equal to exp À2eIndex Terms-Wireless ad hoc network, Gabriel graph, asymptotic probability distribution, the longest edge, poisson point process, topology control.

These results suggest that Fel d 1 is another example of a domestic allergen which is associated with enzyme activity. It remains to be established whether the activity resides in Fel d 1 itself or in an unresolved, and possibly related, protein.

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