Lung cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related death in the world. The identification and characteristics of malignant cells are essential for the diagnosis and treatment of primary or metastatic cancers. Deep learning is a new field of artificial intelligence, which can be used for computer aided diagnosis and scientific research of lung cancer pathology by analyzing and learning through establishment and simulation of human brain. In this review, we will introduce the application, progress and problems of deep learning in pathology of lung cancer and make prospects for its future development.

The intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common clinical event related with high mortality in patients undergoing surgery or trauma. Estrogen exerts salutary effect on intestinal I/R injury, but the receptor type is not totally understood. We aimed to identify whether the G protein–coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) could protect the intestine against I/R injury and explored the mechanism. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to intestinal I/R injury by clamping (45 min) of the superior mesenteric artery followed by 4 h of intestinal reperfusion. Our results revealed that the selective GPER blocker abolished the protective effect of estrogen on intestinal I/R injury. Selective GPER agonist G-1 significantly alleviated I/R-induced intestinal mucosal damage, neutrophil infiltration, up-regulation of TNF-α and cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression, and restored impaired intestinal barrier function. G-1 could ameliorate the impaired crypt cell proliferation ability induced by I/R and restore the decrease in villus height and crypt depth. The up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression after I/R treatment was attenuated by G-1 administration. Moreover, selective iNOS inhibitor had a similar effect with G-1 on promoting the proliferation of crypt cells in the intestinal I/R model. Both GPER and iNOS were expressed in leucine-rich repeat containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) positive stem cells in crypt. Together, these findings demonstrate that GPER activation can prompt epithelial cell repair following intestinal injury, which occurred at least in part by inhibiting the iNOS expression in intestinal stem cells (ISCs). GPER may be a novel therapeutic target for intestinal I/R injury.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal periodontal disease (PD) and three main adverse neonatal outcomes, namely, preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), and small for gestational age (SGA).MethodsThe Ovid Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched up to 6 December 2020 for relevant observational studies on an association between PD and risk of PTB, LBW, and SGA. Eligibility criteria included observational studies which compared the prevalence of PTB and/or LBW and/or SGA between PD women and periodontal health controls. The exclusion criteria included incomplete data, animal research, and mixing up various pregnancy outcomes, such as “preterm low birth weight” and languages other than Chinese and English. Data were extracted and analyzed independently by two authors. The meta-analysis was performed using Stata Statistical Software, Release 12 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA). Odds ratio (OR), confidence intervals (CIs), and heterogeneity (I2) were computed.ResultsFourteen case-control studies and 10 prospective cohort studies, involving 15,278 participants, were identified. Based on fixed effect meta-analysis, PTB showed a significant association with PD (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.39–1.77, P < 0.00001) and LBW also showed a significant association with PD (OR = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.75–3.37, P < 0.00001) in a random effect meta-analysis. However, a random effect meta-analysis showed no relationship between PD and SGA (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 0.86–3.07, P = 0.136).ConclusionOur findings indicate that pregnant women with PD have a significantly higher risk of PTB and LBW. However, large prospective, blinded cohort studies with standardized diagnostic criteria of PD and adequate control of confounding factors are still required to confirm the relationship between PD and adverse neonatal outcomes.

ObjectiveTo identify the influence of different infertility causes and assisted reproductive technology (ART) treatment on perinatal outcomes and clarify the relationship between the maternal pathophysiological changes and artificial interventions.MethodsA total of 1,629 fertile women and 27,112 infertile women with sole infertility causes were prospectively recruited from July 2014 to December 2017, and 9,894 singletons were finally enrolled into the study. Pregnancies with more than one cause of infertility and/or multiple births were excluded. According to the causes of infertility and the exposure of ART treatment, the participants were divided into four groups, namely, fertile naturally conceived (NC) group, infertile NC group, female factor ART group, and male factor ART group. Perinatal outcomes, including gestational age of delivery (GA), birth weight (BW), preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), small for gestational age (SGA), and large for gestational age (LGA), were compared among groups. Logistic regression was performed for the adjustment of several covariates.Result(s)The birth outcomes of the infertile NC group and fertile NC group, female factor ART group, and infertile NC group were comparable. Compared to the fertile NC group, the female factor ART group had a shorter GA (39.0 ± 1.6 vs. 39.3 ± 1.5 weeks, BW: P < 0.05). An interaction test showed that ART treatment had an interaction on the effect of female infertility on GA (P = 0.023). The female factor ART group also had a higher risk of PTB (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.18–2.07) and LGA (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10–1.47) compared to the fertile NC group. The risk of PTB was increased for tubal factor ART (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.12–2.00), ovulatory dysfunction ART (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.29–2.72), and unexplained infertility ART (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.11–3.17). The risk of LGA was increased for tubal factor ART (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.11–1.48) and ovulatory dysfunction ART (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.03–1.57).Conclusion(s)Our findings indicated that ART treatment could amplify the adverse effect of female infertility on neonates. Women with tubal factor infertility, ovulatory dysfunction, and unexplained infertility have a higher risk of PTB after ART treatment. Thus, clinicians should be vigilant in such patients and provide corresponding prevention strategies before and during pregnancy.

Objective To investigate the effect of maternal estradiol (E 2 ) elevation on long-term metabolic manifestations in the offspring. Study Design and Setting This was a retrospective cohort study. Overall, 3690 children conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) between July 2014 and December 2017 were recruited and divided into four groups categorized by maternal E 2 quartiles (Q1, <2420; Q2, 2420–3839; Q3, 3839–5599; and Q4, ≥5599 pg/mL). The metabolic profiles were measured during childhood. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate the association between maternal E 2 elevation and metabolic phenotypes of the offspring. Results Lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was significantly higher in the highest quartile group than in the lowest quartile group during infancy (adjusted mean difference [95% confidence interval, CI]): 0.11 [0.02, 0.20], P = 0.005), but the difference disappeared in the later childhood phase. In children born after fresh embryo transfer, LDL-C showed an increasing trend with the increase in maternal E 2 level (adjusted mean difference [95% CI]: Q2 vs Q1, −0.01 [−0.11, 0.08], Q3 vs Q1, 0.06 [−0.04, 0.15], Q4 vs Q1, 0.10 [0, 0.20]). Other metabolic variables were comparable across increasing quartiles of maternal E 2 levels. Conclusion This study demonstrates a temporary increase in LDL-C levels in infants with higher levels of maternal preconception E 2 levels. However, the long-term safety of hyperestrogens after ovarian stimulation in the next generation is favorable. The mechanism underlying the transiently increased metabolic dysfunction risk in infants conceived by IVF/ICSI requires investigation in future studies.