The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic brought to light the difficulty in controlling the pathogenic bioaerosols present in the air. So, several studies have sought efficient and mainly sustainable technologies to develop new filtering media and new biocidal and virucidal agents. Filter media composed of nanofibers stand out for having high collection efficiencies and high permeability. For this reason, they have been widely used in filters for indoor environments and in face masks. Combined with nanofibers or conventional filtering media, the addition of quaternary ammonium surfactants to provide biocidal action proves to be an ecologically sustainable alternative. Thus, the present work reviews these filtering mechanisms, their applications, and perspectives for novel uses of these technologies in engineering and materials science.