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Smart anisotropic-unidirectional spreading is displayed on a wettable-gradient-aligned fibrous surface due to a synergetic directing effect from the aligned structure and the ratio of hydrophilic components.

Efficient cancer vaccines not only require the co-delivery of potent antigens and highly immunostimulatory adjuvants to initiate robust tumor-specific host immune response but also solve the spatiotemporal consistency of host immunity and tumor microenvironment (TME) immunomodulation. Here, we designed a biomaterials-based strategy for converting tumor-derived antigenic microparticles (T-MPs) into a cancer vaccine to meet this conundrum and demonstrated its therapeutic potential in multiple murine tumor models. The internal cavity of T-MPs was employed to store nano-Fe3O4 (Fe3O4/T-MPs), and then dense adjuvant CpG-loaded liposome arrays (CpG/Lipo) were tethered on the surface of Fe3O4/T-MP through mild surface engineering to get a vaccine (Fe3O4/T-MPs-CpG/Lipo), demonstrating that co-delivery of Fe3O4/T-MPs and CpG/Lipo to antigen presenting cells (APCs) could elicit strong tumor antigen-specific host immune response. Meanwhile, vaccines distributed in the TME could reverse infiltrated tumor-associated macrophages into a tumor-suppressive M1 phenotype by nano-Fe3O4, amazingly induce abundant infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and transform a “cold” tumor into a “hot” tumor. Furthermore, amplified antitumor immunity was realized by the combination of an Fe3O4/T-MPs-CpG/Lipo vaccine and immune checkpoint PD-L1 blockade, specifically inhibiting ∼83% of the progression of B16F10-bearing mice and extending the median survival time to 3 months. Overall, this study synergistically modulates the tumor immunosuppressive network and host antitumor immunity in a spatiotemporal manner, which suggests a general cell-engineering strategy tailored to a personalized vaccine from autologous cancer cell materials of each individual patient.

of adhesion required to remove a liquid water drop. Poulikakos and co-workers [ 7 ] investigated surfaces with nanometerscale roughness and higher wettability, which display long freezing delays, one order of magnitude longer than typical superhydrophobic surfaces with larger hierarchical roughness and low wettability. And Poulikakos also established [ 8 ] that evaporative cooling of the supercooled liquid could engender ice crystallization by homogeneous nucleation at the droplet-free surface as opposed to the expected heterogeneous nucleation at the substrate. Hirayama and co-workers [ 9 ] investigated the icephobic properties of different coatings, e.g., hydrophilic and hydrophobic coatings, sol-gel based coatings containing fl uorinated compounds and viscoelastic rubbers. Very low adhesion values were obtained in the case of coatings consisting of viscoelastic elastomers. Yarin and co-workers [ 10 ] reported a systematic study of drop impacts of polar and nonpolar liquids onto different electrospun nanofi ber membranes with an increasing degree of hydrophobicity. It is found that for any liquid/fi ber pair there exists a threshold impact velocity (≈1.5-3 m s −1 ) above which water penetrates membranes irrespective of their hydrophobicity. Yarin and co-workers [ 11 ] studied peculiarities of drop impact onto electrospun polymer (polyacrylonitrile, PAN) nanofi ber mats. It is demonstrated that drop impacts on electrospun nanofi ber mats almost instantaneously result in spread-out wetted spots over the surface. All these researches above offer the foundation at different levels. However, it still remains a challenging how to further design the surface with superhydrophobic or anti-icing properties as surface in low temperature for a long time. [12][13][14][15][16][17] Here, we present a series of surfaces combined with nanohairs and micropillar arrays, i.e., different micropillar arrays with the similar nanohairs, different nanohairs with the same micropillar arrays. Especially, we reveal that the optimal surface with excellent abilities for anti-icing or antifogging is related with cooperation between superhydrophobic nanohairs and micropillar arrays, in addition to the stability of less liquid-solid fractions at low temperature below zero. This study will provide an insight into the design of structure size on micro-nanostructured surfaces for anti-icing/fogging ability effectively, with great significance that can be extended into the applications in some surfaces of systems, e.g., microdevices worked in cold or humid environment.Anti-icing abilities are achieved on surfaces of micropillar arrays with nanohairs that are fabricated by methods of soft replication and crystal growth, i.e., different micropillar arrays with the similar nanohairs, different nanohairs with the same micropillar arrays. It is demonstrated that an optimal micropillar array with nanohairs contributes an excellent anti-icing or antifogging property at low temperature below zero. As a result, the longest icing delay time is achieved effe...

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